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Recently, studies showed that patients with hippocampal sclerosis (HS) type 2, which presents with severe neuron loss in CA1 only, performed within the normal range. However, up to 30% of HS type 2 cases have memory deficits. As insulin\u2010like growth factor 1 (IGF\u20101) is related to neurogenesis and memory performance, we sought to investigate a possible link between the expression of IGF\u20101 receptor (IGF\u20101R) and verbal memory performance among patients with HS type 2.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We selected 21 patients with left\u2010side TLE and HS type 2. Based on presurgical neuropsychological assessment, we divided the patients into a group with normal long\u2010term verbal memory (Preserved group,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200915) and another with memory deficit (Deficit group,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20096). To classify the patients, we used performance on the late recall subitems in the Logical Memory test of the Wechsler Memory Scale and late recall in Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT). Coronal hippocampal sections at the body level were submitted to immunohistochemistry for NeuN and IGF\u20101R to evaluate neuron density and IGF\u20101R expression, respectively.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients with preserved memory had the same clinical characteristics as those with memory deficit. The groups had no difference on the short\u2010term subitem of Logical Memory or on RAVLT learning. The Deficit group had lower scores on both long\u2010term memory subitems. Neuron density was also similar among patients in the Preserved and Deficit groups. IGF\u20101R expression was significantly higher in the granule cell layer and in CA2 in the Preserved group compared to the Deficit group, and IGF\u20101 expression had strong positive correlation with both the learning and long\u2010term subitems of RAVLT.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Lower IGF\u20101 pathway activity is associated with long\u2010term memory deficit in patients with HS type 2.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/epi.70138","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T07:26:57Z","timestamp":1770362817000},"page":"2572-2584","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Insulin\u2010like growth factor 1 receptor correlates with verbal memory in\n                    <scp>ILAE<\/scp>\n                    type 2 hippocampal sclerosis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"67","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6319-8283","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henrique","family":"Cruz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Neuroscience, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery Escola Paulista de Medicina, UNIFESP  S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4254-6963","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amauri Batista","family":"de Oliveira\u2010J\u00fanior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Neuroscience, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery Escola Paulista de Medicina, UNIFESP  S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9643-8901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9 Fernando Garcia","family":"Cortez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of 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Norberto","family":"St\u00e1vale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unipete, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery Escola Paulista de Medicina, UNIFESP  S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0654-9283","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mirian Salvadori Bittar","family":"Guaranha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology Escola Paulista de Medicina, UNIFESP  S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8367-0189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elza Marcia Targas","family":"Yacubian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology Escola Paulista de Medicina, UNIFESP  S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0854-3582","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esper 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