{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T12:53:39Z","timestamp":1782132819895,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773100800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773100800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HE6844\/3\u20101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HE6844\/3\u20101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LI1904\/2\u20101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LI1904\/2\u20101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Project ID: 468174690"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Project ID: 468174690"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epilepsia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) causes drug\u2010resistant epilepsy requiring presurgical evaluation. Invasive electroencephalographic (EEG) studies demonstrate that sleep modulates epileptic activity, including interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs), fast oscillations (FOs) in the beta (14\u201340\u2009Hz) and gamma (40\u201380\u2009Hz) frequency bands, and seizures. This study aimed to quantify sleep\u2010associated changes in IEDs, FOs, and seizures in FCD patients using noninvasive magnetoencephalography (MEG).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nineteen patients with FCD were prospectively recruited and underwent simultaneous MEG\/EEG recordings lasting 89\u2009\u00b1\u200919\u2009min during daytime sleep. Sleep stages were classified from the EEG. Beamformer source signals were computed from the MEG signal to enhance sensitivity for visual detection of IEDs, FOs in the beta and gamma frequency bands, and seizures. Magnetic source imaging (MSI) was performed using the Maximum Entropy on the Mean (MEM) method, which is particularly sensitive to the spatial extent of sources, enabling accurate localization of epileptic activity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      N1 sleep was reached in 17 of 19 patients and N2 sleep in 14 of 19 patients. Compared to wakefulness, sleep recordings showed significantly higher rates of FOs and seizures (both\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.05), whereas IED rates showed nonsignificant trends. Ten patients demonstrated FOs or seizures, and 12 showed IEDs. MSI of IEDs demonstrated consistent accuracy across vigilance states, with median Euclidean distances of 12.74\u2009mm (interquartile range [IQR] =\u200922.74) in wake and 8.34\u2009mm (IQR\u2009=\u200927.58) in sleep, and no systematic amplitude or spatial extent changes. Wavelet\u2010MEM enabled frequency\u2010specific source imaging, with FOs and seizures localizing concordantly to FCD lesions in five of seven and seven of eight patients, respectively.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Daytime sleep MEG recordings are clinically feasible and significantly enhance the detection of seizures (37% of patients) and FOs compared to wakefulness. Sleep protocols enable noninvasive capture of ictal patterns\u2014the gold standard for epileptogenic zone localization\u2014alongside increased FO rates. These findings support incorporating sleep into standard MEG protocols for presurgical epilepsy evaluation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/epi.70191","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T09:06:41Z","timestamp":1773133601000},"page":"2992-3008","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Sleep magnetoencephalography enhances detection and source imaging of seizures and fast oscillations in focal cortical dysplasia"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"67","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5545-7014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcel","family":"Heers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Epilepsy Center Medical Center\u2013University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg  Freiburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3206-9873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jawata","family":"Afnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multimodal Functional Imaging Lab Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University  Montreal Quebec Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Braun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Magnetoencephalography Center University of T\u00fcbingen  T\u00fcbingen Germany"},{"name":"Department of Neural Dynamics and Magnetoencephalography Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of T\u00fcbingen  T\u00fcbingen Germany"},{"name":"Center for Integrative Neuroscience University of T\u00fcbingen  T\u00fcbingen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2775-9968","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christophe","family":"Grova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multimodal Functional Imaging Lab Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University  Montreal Quebec Canada"},{"name":"Centre De Recherches Math\u00e9matiques  Montreal Quebec Canada"},{"name":"Multimodal Functional Imaging Lab, Department of Physics and PERFORM Center Concordia University  Montreal Quebec Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8610-2216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dirk\u2010Matthias","family":"Altenm\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epilepsy Center Medical Center\u2013University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg  Freiburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5995-5862","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernhard J.","family":"Steinhoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epilepsy Center Kork  Kehl\u2010Kork Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1476-7777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthias","family":"D\u00fcmpelmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epilepsy Center Medical Center\u2013University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg  Freiburg Germany"},{"name":"Department of Microsystems Engineering\u2013IMTEK University of Freiburg  Freiburg Germany"},{"name":"BrainLinks\u2013BrainTools Center University of Freiburg  Freiburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5869-1110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theo","family":"Demerath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroradiology Medical Center\u2013University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg  Freiburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7264-4807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Horst","family":"Urbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroradiology Medical Center\u2013University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg  Freiburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6726-0531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silke","family":"Ethofer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery University Hospital T\u00fcbingen  T\u00fcbingen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5115-936X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Markus","family":"Siegel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Magnetoencephalography Center University of T\u00fcbingen  T\u00fcbingen Germany"},{"name":"Department of Neural Dynamics and Magnetoencephalography Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of T\u00fcbingen  T\u00fcbingen Germany"},{"name":"Center for Integrative Neuroscience University of T\u00fcbingen  T\u00fcbingen Germany"},{"name":"Center for Bionic Intelligence T\u00fcbingen Stuttgart  T\u00fcbingen Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Mental Health  T\u00fcbingen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2382-0506","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Schulze\u2010Bonhage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epilepsy Center Medical Center\u2013University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg  Freiburg Germany"},{"name":"BrainLinks\u2013BrainTools Center University of Freiburg  Freiburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1783-8710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Holger","family":"Lerche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Epileptology Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of T\u00fcbingen  T\u00fcbingen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9960-6958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yiwen","family":"Li Hegner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Magnetoencephalography Center University of T\u00fcbingen  T\u00fcbingen Germany"},{"name":"Department of Neurology and Epileptology Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of T\u00fcbingen  T\u00fcbingen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl133"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474\u20104422(09)70201\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.17301"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"\u201cWithin a minute\u201d detection of focal cortical dysplasia","volume":"64","author":"Urbach H","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhab320"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awac224"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13851"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2011.10.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2018.04.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528\u20101167.2011.03158.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/123.8.1733"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/epi4.70215"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24169"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2015.03.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1684\/epd.2012.0525"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2011.03363.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2017.11.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2009.02169.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2019.11.055"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcac183"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/17434440.4.3.335"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.17130"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2017.00425"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118791"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.12.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548\u2010016\u20100471\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2019.01.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2004.11.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2013.07.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/156869"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00062-023-01265-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/879716"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2015.06.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0013\u20109580.2004.56503.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.6576"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13814"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.06.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0055969.s004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.24994"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-925X-9-45"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2020.11.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.26720"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2012.2189883"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23191"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548\u2010014\u20100423\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.51959"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.02.049"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004424-198609000-00009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22482"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2018.03.042"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2201128119"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548-015-0445-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548\u2010010\u20100154\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2021.108507"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13423"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/abcc7e"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2011130118"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awf175"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2025.1685431"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000006877"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12376"}],"container-title":["Epilepsia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/epi.70191","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/epi.70191","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/epi.70191","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T12:22:22Z","timestamp":1782130942000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/epi.70191"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/epi.70191"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/epi.70191","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0013-9580","1528-1167"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0013-9580","type":"print"},{"value":"1528-1167","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-12-16","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-02-20","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-10","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}