{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T12:54:40Z","timestamp":1782132880914,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773446400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773446400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003246","name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["016\u2010126\u2010351"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["016\u2010126\u2010351"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003246","name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["9171337"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["9171337"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002996","name":"Hartstichting","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["03\u2010005\u20102022\u20100031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["03\u2010005\u20102022\u20100031"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002996","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002996","name":"Hartstichting","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2014T060"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2014T060"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002996","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002996","name":"Hartstichting","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016T044"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016T044"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002996","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002996","name":"Hartstichting","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016T86"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016T86"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002996","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epilepsia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cognitive disorder is common after stroke at a young age, especially in patients with poststroke epilepsy (PSE). Whether the causative mechanism is direct (due to epilepsy\u2010related network alterations) or indirect (due to effect\u2010modifiers such as stroke severity) is not fully understood. We assessed the role of PSE in cognitive disorder in young stroke patients by investigating the association between vascular cognitive disorder (VCD) and PSE in young stroke patients, and by investigating the association between cognitive impairment per cognitive domain and PSE.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this multicenter prospective cohort study, we investigated the occurrence of PSE in patients aged 18\u201349\u2009years presenting with a first\u2010ever transient ischemic attack, ischemic stroke, or primary intracerebral hemorrhage between 2013 and 2021 and assessed the cognitive function 1\u2009year after the event. We calculated composite\n                      <jats:italic>z<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010scores for seven cognitive domains. VCD was categorized as a composite\n                      <jats:italic>z<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010score in any domain between \u22122.0 SD and \u22121.5 SD (mild) and &lt;\u22122.0 SD (major). We performed multivariable regression analyses to examine the association between PSE and VCD and between PSE and cognitive impairment per domain.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Eight (median age\u2009=\u200938.6\u2009years, median NIHSS score\u2009=\u20092, 30% male) of 20 patients with PSE (40.0%) had major VCD, compared to 93 (median age\u2009=\u200944.2\u2009years, median NIHSS\u2009=\u20092, 50% male) of 426 patients (20.1%) without PSE (adjusted odds ratio [OR] =\u20093.96, 95% confidence interval [CI] =\u20091.24\u201312.65). Additionally, PSE was independently associated with cognitive impairment in the domain\n                      <jats:italic>attention and working memory<\/jats:italic>\n                      (adjusted OR\u2009=\u20095.09, 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.15\u201322.59).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We found independent associations between PSE and major VCD, and between PSE and cognitive impairment in the\n                      <jats:italic>attention and working memory<\/jats:italic>\n                      domain. This could support the \u201csecond\u2010hit hypothesis,\u201d in which epilepsy following a primary injury relates directly to increased cognitive impairment with a subcortical neuropsychological profile.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/epi.70200","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T09:42:01Z","timestamp":1773481321000},"page":"2855-2863","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Poststroke epilepsy is associated with vascular cognitive disorder in young stroke patients: The\n                    <scp>ODYSSEY<\/scp>\n                    study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"67","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8406-2715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frederik J.","family":"Reitsma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Radboud Institute of Medical Innovation, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior  Nijmegen the Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Neurology Gelre Hospitals  Apeldoorn the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esm\u00e9e","family":"Verburgt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Radboud Institute of Medical Innovation, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior  Nijmegen the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mijntje M. I.","family":"Schellekens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Radboud Institute of Medical Innovation, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior  Nijmegen the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nina A.","family":"Hilkens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Radboud Institute of Medical Innovation, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior  Nijmegen the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamie I.","family":"Verhoeven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Radboud Institute of Medical Innovation, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior  Nijmegen the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mayte E.","family":"van Alebeek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Gelre Hospitals  Apeldoorn the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul J. A. M.","family":"Brouwers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Medisch Spectrum Twente  Enschede the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renate M.","family":"Arntz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Medisch Spectrum Twente  Enschede the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gert W.","family":"van Dijk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Canisius\u2010Wilhelmina Hospital  Nijmegen the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rob A. R.","family":"Gons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Catharina Hospital  Eindhoven the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inge W. M.","family":"van Uden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Catharina Hospital  Eindhoven the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom","family":"den Heijer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Franciscus Gasthuis &amp; Vlietland  Rotterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia H.","family":"van Tuijl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Elisabeth\u2010TweeSteden Hospital  Tilburg the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karlijn F.","family":"de Laat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Haga Hospital  the Hague the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anouk","family":"van Norden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Amphia Hospital  Breda the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah E.","family":"Vermeer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Rijnstate Hospital  Arnhem the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marian S. G.","family":"van Zagten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Jeroen Bosch Hospital  Hertogenbosch the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marieke J. H.","family":"Wermer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Leiden University Medical Center  Leiden the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul J.","family":"Nederkoorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location Academic Medical Center  Amsterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank G.","family":"van Rooij","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Medical Center Leeuwarden  Leeuwarden the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ido R.","family":"van den Wijngaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Haaglanden Medical Center  the Hague the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul L. M.","family":"de Kort","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Elisabeth\u2010TweeSteden Hospital  Tilburg the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roy P. C.","family":"Kessels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Psychology and Radboudumc Alzheimer Center Radboud University Medical Center  Nijmegen the Netherlands"},{"name":"Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Center for Cognition, Radboud University  Nijmegen the Netherlands"},{"name":"Vincent van Gogh Institute for Psychiatry  the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anil M.","family":"Tuladhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Radboud Institute of Medical Innovation, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior  Nijmegen the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert J.","family":"van Oostenbrugge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Maastricht University Medical Center+  Maastricht the Netherlands"},{"name":"Mental Health and Neuroscience Research Institute, Maastricht University  Maastricht the Netherlands"},{"name":"Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University  Maastricht the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank\u2010Erik","family":"de Leeuw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Radboud Institute of Medical Innovation, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior  Nijmegen the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rob P. 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