{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T16:47:31Z","timestamp":1789231651569,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776988800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776988800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epilepsia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Rasmussen syndrome (RS) includes a well\u2010described constellation of refractory focal seizures, often including epilepsia partialis continua, hemiplegia with progressive unilateral cortical atrophy, and cognitive\/language decline. However, the precise early pathogenesis and reliable biomarkers remain elusive. In addition, we lack operational management guidelines, including diagnostic evaluation, disease\u2010monitoring assessments, and medical and surgical treatment approaches. We aimed to create an expert consensus statement to guide and standardize the treatment of RS, with the goal of providing recommendations applicable to a global population. An expert panel was convened to complete three rounds of a modified Delphi procedure given the lack of high\u2010level evidence, with a focus on workup to exclude mimicking diagnoses, disease\u2010activity metrics, and treatment. Consensus was defined as \u226575% of responses being agree\/strongly agree in either two subsequent rounds or in the third and final round. A total of 122 of 143 statements met consensus. Proposed diagnostic evaluation in patients with possible RS is outlined, including physical examination, blood\/cerebrospinal fluid analyses, neuroimaging, electroencephalography (EEG), and biopsy. Suggested disease\u2010monitoring assessments include neuropsychological testing and serial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Intravenous corticosteroids are recommended as first\u2010line, acute immunotherapy for seizure exacerbations and status epilepticus, with or without the addition of intravenous immunoglobulin. Options for maintenance immunotherapy are outlined, with lack of evidence noted for comparing efficacy of these treatments. Hemispheric disconnection remains the most effective seizure treatment, with parameters including age, function, seizure burden, and patient values influencing candidacy for surgery. This consensus statement offers a guideline to standardize management, as well as suggests future directions to further elucidate underlying pathophysiology and target more\u2010effective, better\u2010tolerated treatments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/epi.70225","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T14:02:18Z","timestamp":1777039338000},"page":"3263-3280","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["International consensus recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of Rasmussen syndrome: A\u00a0modified Delphi procedure"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"67","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1176-640X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Coral M.","family":"Stredny","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Center in Neuroimmunology, Harvard Medical School Boston Children's Hospital  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6799-9005","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claude","family":"Steriade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology New York University Langone Health  New York New York USA"},{"name":"Neuroscience Institute New York University  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2076-5006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria T.","family":"Papadopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Epileptology, Functional Neurology and Sleep Disorders University Hospitals of Lyon (HCL), Member of ERN EpiCARE  Lyon France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9894-4194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suresh","family":"Pujar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology\/Epilepsy Department Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6299-9866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marios","family":"Kaliakatsos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology\/Epilepsy Department Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9199-8766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stuart","family":"Tomko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology St. Louis Children's Hospital  St. Louis Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9531-7312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tilman","family":"Polster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epileptology, Krankenhaus Mara, Bethel Epilepsy Center, Medical School OWL Bielefeld University  Bielefeld Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Cortina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biostatistics and Research Design Center Boston Children's Hospital  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biostatistics and Research Design Center, Department of Neurology Boston Children's Hospital  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1183-150X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ronny","family":"Wickstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Women's and Children's Health Astrid Lindgren's Children's Hospital, Karolinska Institute  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"International Rasmussen Syndrome Consensus Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(13)70260-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh415"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12334"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004326"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.17131"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","first-page":"419","article-title":"The syndrome of chronic encephalitis and epilepsy. 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