{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T09:58:04Z","timestamp":1790675884084,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780358400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780358400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFC2706304"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC2706304"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFC2706305"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC2706305"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epilepsia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Surgery is increasingly recognized as an effective treatment for drug\u2010resistant epilepsy in children but remains under\u2010utilized. Evidence on its safety and benefits in infants 6\u2009months or younger is very limited, leaving early surgical decision\u2010making insufficiently supported.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A matched cohort study included 23 infants with age\u2010dependent epileptic encephalopathy (ADEE) and structural brain abnormalities who underwent epilepsy surgery within 6\u2009months and 115 matched non\u2010surgical controls. Neurodevelopment was assessed using developmental quotient (DQ). Multivariable linear regression and propensity score matching (PSM) were used to examine the association between surgery and neurodevelopmental outcomes, whereas surgical safety and long\u2010term seizure control were also evaluated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among the 23 surgical infants, the median age at seizure onset was .27\u2009months, and all had congenital brain malformations. Hemimegalencephaly was the most common etiology (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200913). The mean age at surgery was 3.5\u2009months. Hemispherotomy was the most commonly performed surgical procedure (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200914). No perioperative death or permanent severe complications were observed. Four (17.4%) infants developed transient unilateral limb weakness and 13.6% had postoperative hydrocephalus. The rate of Engel class Ia was 82.6% at 1\u2009year postoperatively and 78.2% at a mean follow\u2010up of 44.4\u2009months. At last follow\u2010up, 69.6% of the infants had discontinued anti\u2010seizure medications (ASMs). The DQ scores of the control group showed a continuous decline over time, whereas the surgical group showed a more favorable trajectory. Multivariable linear regression analysis revealed that surgery was significantly associated with a higher DQ (\u03b2\u2009=\u200930.2, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 19.5\u201340.9;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.001). After 1:1 PSM to control confounding variables, the surgical group had significantly higher DQ scores than the control group in all five neurodevelopmental domains (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Epilepsy surgery performed by an experienced team is safe and feasible for very young infants due to congenital brain malformations, without severe perioperative complications. It provides good long\u2010term seizure control, supports ASM withdrawal, and may protect brain development, potentially stabilizing or even improving neurodevelopment in some infants.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/epi.70315","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T12:11:15Z","timestamp":1780402275000},"page":"4457-4469","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Neurodevelopmental trajectories and clinical outcomes following ultra\u2010early epilepsy surgery in infants: A matched cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"67","author":[{"given":"Hai\u2010Qing","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical School of Nankai University  Tianjin China"},{"name":"Senior Department of Pediatrics Chinese PLA General Hospital  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feng\u2010Peng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xiamen Humanity Hospital, HH\u2010SIAT Joint Center for Epilepsy Research Fujian Medical University  Fuzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8141-0858","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yang\u2010Yang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Senior Department of Pediatrics Chinese PLA General Hospital  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Senior Department of Pediatrics Chinese PLA General Hospital  Beijing China"},{"name":"Medical School of Chinese PLA  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bing\u2010Jie","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Senior Department of Pediatrics Chinese PLA General Hospital  Beijing China"},{"name":"Medical School of Chinese PLA  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1983-6046","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi\u2010Ou","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epilepsy Center Tsinghua University Yuquan Hospital  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Department, Epilepsy Center Shenzhen Children's Hospital  Guangdong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui\u2010Juan","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xiamen Humanity Hospital, HH\u2010SIAT Joint Center for Epilepsy Research Fujian Medical University  Fuzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan\u2010Tong","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Sheffield  Sheffield UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiong\u2010Yao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7424-8063","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"De\u2010Zhi","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Department, Epilepsy Center Shenzhen Children's Hospital  Guangdong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7272-6236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wen\u2010Jing","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epilepsy Center Tsinghua University Yuquan Hospital  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xiamen Humanity Hospital, HH\u2010SIAT Joint Center for Epilepsy Research Fujian Medical University  Fuzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7233-9378","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Li\u2010Ping","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical School of Nankai University  Tianjin China"},{"name":"Senior Department of Pediatrics Chinese PLA General Hospital  Beijing China"},{"name":"Medical School of Chinese PLA  Beijing 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