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Despite advances in antiseizure medications, approximately 30% of patients remain treatment\u2010resistant, highlighting the urgent need for therapies with antiepileptogenic or disease\u2010modifying effects. To optimize and individualize strategies to predict and treat seizures and epilepsy, efforts to identify biomarkers of epilepsy risk, epileptogenesis, seizures, and therapy response are ongoing. This article reports key presentations and discussions from the 2023 Workshop on Neurobiology of Epilepsy (WONOEP XVII) in Kilkea, Ireland on novel epilepsy biomarkers and treatment strategies beyond the synapse and does not constitute a comprehensive review of biomarkers or treatment strategies. Much of the focus in epilepsy research has centered on identifying primarily neuronal processes or components. The 2023 WONOEP presentations discussed advances in plasma biomarkers for posttraumatic seizures and outcomes, perivascular spaces in posttraumatic epilepsy and poststroke epilepsy, imaging biomarkers of astrogliosis, and plasma microRNA biomarkers of intellectual disability and autism in tuberous sclerosis complex. Furthermore, research on immuno\u2010 and anti\u2010inflammatory therapies and blood\u2013brain barrier in drug\u2010resistant focal epilepsies and infantile epileptic spasms syndrome was presented, as well as on the effects of antiseizure and cardioprotective medications on cardiac injury in temporal lobe epilepsy. The review also emphasizes the need for further interdisciplinary collaboration to accelerate the translation of these findings into clinical practice, ultimately improving outcomes and quality of life for people with epilepsy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/epi.70382","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T12:46:08Z","timestamp":1783514768000},"page":"5026-5041","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["WONOEP appraisal: Biomarkers and treatment strategies beyond the synapse"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"67","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0676-4701","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mirte","family":"Scheper","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience Amsterdam University Medical Center location, University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5581-9270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zining","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School Monash University  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0472-2903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aristea S.","family":"Galanopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Isabelle Rapin Division of Child Neurology, Saul R. 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