{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T08:42:47Z","timestamp":1792226567071,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786579200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786579200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epilepsia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    This study explored the association between etiology of status epilepticus (SE) and treatment responsiveness. Consecutive episodes of nonhypoxic SE in patients \u226514\u2009years old were included. Etiology was classified into acute, remote, progressive, defined electroclinical syndromes, and unknown. Four subcategories of acute etiologies were then considered based on the recent proposal: (1) triggering factors in patients with pre\u2010existing epilepsy; (2) acute insults to central nervous system (CNS; \u201cacute\u2010primary CNS\u201d); (3) CNS pathology secondary to metabolic disturbances, systemic infection, or fever (\u201cacute\u2010secondary CNS\u201d); and (4) drug\/alcohol intoxication or withdrawal (\u201cacute\u2010toxic\u201d). Multinomial logistic regression models were fitted using a backward stepwise selection. Age, sex, consciousness before treatment, SE semiology, SE etiology, SE recurrence, level of disability, and year of presentation were independent variables. The etiological categories of acute\u2010primary CNS (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u2009.001), acute\u2010secondary CNS (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009.002), progressive (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009.010), and unknown (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009.018) SE were associated with increased odds of refractory SE. Acute\u2010primary CNS (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u2009.001), progressive (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009.009), and unknown (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009.048) SE etiologies were associated with increased odds of superrefractory SE, whereas no association was found with acute\u2010secondary CNS etiology (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009.948). Patients with SE showed different responsiveness to medications according to the underlying cause. Heterogeneity exists within the spectrum of acute symptomatic causes; distinct etiological subcategories may carry different risks of refractoriness and superrefractoriness.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/epi.70446","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T02:54:13Z","timestamp":1786676053000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Status epilepticus in adults: From etiology to treatment response"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"67","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8748-0083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simona","family":"Lattanzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurological Clinic, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine Marche Polytechnic University  Ancona Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3585-5872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giada","family":"Giovannini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurophysiology Unit and Epilepsy Center Ospedale Civile di Baggiovara, Azienda Ospedaliero\u2010Universitaria Modena  Modena Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5717-7363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Niccol\u00f2","family":"Orlandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurophysiology Unit and Epilepsy Center Ospedale Civile di Baggiovara, Azienda Ospedaliero\u2010Universitaria Modena  Modena Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Science, Center for Neuroscience and Neurotechnology University of Modena and Reggio Emilia  Modena Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0928-1577","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Brigo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovation, Research, and Teaching Service Teaching Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, Azienda Sanitaria Dell'alto Adige  Bolzano\u2010Bozen Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5950-2692","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eugen","family":"Trinka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Neurocritical Care, and Neurorehabilitation, Christian Doppler University Hospital, Center of Cognitive Neuroscience Paracelsus Medical University, member of the European Reference Network EpiCARE  Salzburg Austria"},{"name":"Neuroscience Institute, Christian Doppler University Hospital, Center of Cognitive Neuroscience Paracelsus Medical University  Salzburg Austria"},{"name":"Karl Landsteiner Institute for Clinical Neuroscience  Salzburg Austria"},{"name":"Institute of Public Health, Medical Decision\u2010Making, and Health Technology Assessment UMIT\u2013Private University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics, and Technology  Hall in Tyrol Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0334-539X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Meletti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurophysiology Unit and Epilepsy Center Ospedale Civile di Baggiovara, Azienda Ospedaliero\u2010Universitaria Modena  Modena Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Science, Center for Neuroscience and Neurotechnology University of Modena and Reggio Emilia  Modena Italy"},{"name":"Neurology Department Ospedale Maggiore, Azienda Ospedaliero\u2010Universitaria Parma  Parma Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery University of Parma  Parma Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13121"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.17753"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.17912"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-008-0989-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1999.tb02000.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ane.12605"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2004.041947"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2015.05.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000214624"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-017-1661-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.59.2.205"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000218281"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25213"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.117368"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2010.02688.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/CON.0000000000001103"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.17953"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2026.0865"}],"container-title":["Epilepsia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/epi.70446","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/epi.70446","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/epi.70446","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T08:28:02Z","timestamp":1792225682000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/epi.70446"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/epi.70446"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/epi.70446","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0013-9580","1528-1167"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0013-9580","type":"print"},{"value":"1528-1167","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-05-18","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication 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