{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T23:57:15Z","timestamp":1792454235430,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,13]],"date-time":"2018-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1518480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epilepsia Open"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Epilepsy is a common, debilitating neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures. Mood disorders and cognitive deficits are common comorbidities in epilepsy that, like seizures, profoundly influence quality of life and can be difficult to treat. For patients with refractory epilepsy who are not candidates for resection, neurostimulation, the electrical modulation of epileptogenic brain tissue, is an emerging treatment alternative. Several forms of neurostimulation are currently available, and therapy selection hinges on relative efficacy for seizure control and amelioration of neuropsychiatric comorbidities. Here, we review the current evidence for how invasive and noninvasive neurostimulation therapies affect mood and cognition in persons with epilepsy. Invasive therapies include vagus nerve stimulation (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VNS<\/jats:styled-content>), deep brain stimulation (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DBS<\/jats:styled-content>), and responsive neurostimulation (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RNS<\/jats:styled-content>). Noninvasive therapies include trigeminal nerve stimulation (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TNS<\/jats:styled-content>), repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">rTMS<\/jats:styled-content>), and transcranial direct current stimulation (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">tDCS<\/jats:styled-content>). Overall, current evidence supports stable cognition and mood with all neurostimulation therapies, although there is some evidence that cognition and mood may improve with invasive forms of neurostimulation. More research is required to optimize the effects of neurostimulation for improvements in cognition and mood.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/epi4.12100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,22]],"date-time":"2018-01-22T14:58:35Z","timestamp":1516633115000},"page":"18-29","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["Effect of neurostimulation on cognition and mood in refractory epilepsy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Alvin Y.","family":"Chan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee Wisconsin U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8843-5468","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John D.","family":"Rolston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery University of Utah Salt Lake City Utah 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