{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T17:34:43Z","timestamp":1788888883376,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,20]],"date-time":"2020-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1584662400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21 NS 084198\u201001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21 NS 084198\u201001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epilepsia Open"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>The epileptic baboon provides an animal model for juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME), demonstrating spontaneous generalized tonic\u2010clonic seizures (GTCS) in addition to generalized myoclonic, absence and multifocal seizures. While photoconvulsive responses have been described in this model, spontaneous GTCS have not been characterized.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this study, we characterized 46 seizures in 7 epileptic baboons (5 females, 12\u00a0\u00b1\u00a03\u00a0years old) by video recording. While housed in single cages, the baboons were monitored for a median of 2 (range 1\u201010) weeks, with high\u2010resolution, infrared\u2010capable camera systems. Each GTCS was evaluated for evidence of preconvulsive ictal symptoms, focal convulsive behaviors, duration of the preconvulsive and convulsive periods, postictal immobility, and recovery of an upright posture. The circadian pattern of GTCS was also for each baboon.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>More than half of GTCS occurred in sleep, beginning from an upright position in all but one tethered baboon. Focal semiological findings were noted in 19 (41%) GTCS, and these included preconvulsive focal ictal motor behaviors as well as lateralized motor activity during the convulsions. The convulsive portion lasted 47\u00a0\u00b1\u00a010\u00a0seconds, whereas the entire seizure lasted 54\u00a0\u00b1\u00a021\u00a0seconds. Postictally, the baboons remained immobile for a median latency of 40 (range 14\u2010347) seconds, recovering an upright posture after 173 (range 71\u20101980) seconds. GTCS demonstrated circadian patterns in all but one baboon, with 34 (74%) all seizures occurring between 1\u20109\u00a0<jats:sc>am<\/jats:sc>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title><jats:p>GTCS in the baboon revealed intersubject variability, but semiology remained stereotyped in a given baboon. Similar to GTCS in people with JME, focal symptoms were also observed in epileptic baboons. The postictal recovery period, characterized by postictal immobility and myoclonus as well as time to recumbency, also varied among baboons.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/epi4.12388","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,7]],"date-time":"2020-03-07T16:29:26Z","timestamp":1583598566000},"page":"213-219","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Semiology of spontaneous generalized tonic\u2010clonic seizures in the epileptic baboon"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6731-3245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charles \u00c1kos","family":"Szab\u00f3","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"South Texas Comprehensive Epilepsy Center San Antonio Texas"},{"name":"Department of Neurology UT Health San Antonio San Antonio Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David Andr\u00e9s","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South Texas Comprehensive Epilepsy Center San Antonio Texas"},{"name":"Department of Neurology UT Health San Antonio San Antonio Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sreekanth","family":"Koneru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South Texas Comprehensive Epilepsy Center San Antonio Texas"},{"name":"Department of Neurology UT Health San Antonio San Antonio Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(68)90235-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","first-page":"107","volume-title":"Advances in neurology","author":"Naquet R","year":"1975"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.22.12.1272"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(79)90154-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","first-page":"141","article-title":"Inhibitory and excitatory amino acid receptors, c\u2010fos expression, and calcium\u2010binding proteins in the brain of baboons (Papio hamadryas) that exhibit 'spontaneous' grand mal epilepsy","volume":"9","author":"Ticku MK","year":"1992","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res Suppl"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","first-page":"535","article-title":"Epidemiology and characterization of seizures in a pedigreed baboon colony","volume":"62","author":"Szab\u00f3 C\u00c1","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comp Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The significance of craniofacial trauma in a baboon colony: a clinical marker of seizures?","volume":"64","author":"Szab\u00f3 C\u00c1","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comp Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2013.02.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2012.02.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","first-page":"276","article-title":"Evaluation of anticonvulsant drugs in genetic animal models of epilepsy","volume":"43","author":"L\u00f6scher W","year":"1984","journal-title":"Fed Proc"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(80)90235-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2009.02073.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13312"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","unstructured":"SzaboCA HasulakN RamV De la GarzaM ShadeR LiC et al.Responsive Neurostimulation in the Epileptic Baboon: A Pilot Study. 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