{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T01:59:22Z","timestamp":1783130362110,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,1]],"date-time":"2020-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604188800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001411","name":"Indian Council of Medical Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5\/4\u20105\/127\/Neuro\/2013\u2010NCD\u2010I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5\/4\u20105\/127\/Neuro\/2013\u2010NCD\u2010I"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001411","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epilepsia Open"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To describe clinical characteristics of a community\u2010based epilepsy cohort from resource\u2010limited communities in Punjab, Northwest India.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The cohort was gathered following a two\u2010stage screening survey. We cross\u2010sectionally examined and followed up the cohort for one year. A panel of neurologists assigned seizure types, syndromes, and putative etiologies and categorized drug responsiveness.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The cohort of 240 included 161 (67.1%) men, 109 (45.4%) illiterates and 149 (62.1%) unemployed. Current age was &gt;18\u00a0years in 155 (64.6%) but age at epilepsy onset was &lt;18\u00a0years in 173 (72.1%). Epilepsies due to structural and metabolic causes were diagnosed in 99 (41.3%), but syndromic assignments were not possible in 97 (40.4%). After one year, drug\u2010resistant epilepsy was established in 74 (30.8%). Perinatal events (n\u00a0=\u00a035; 14.6%) followed by CNS infections (n\u00a0=\u00a032; 13.3%) and traumatic brain injury (n\u00a0=\u00a012; 5.0%) were common risk factors. Most of those with CNS infections (n\u00a0=\u00a019; 63.3%), perinatal antecedents (n\u00a0=\u00a023; 76.7%), and other acquired risk factors (n\u00a0=\u00a027; 90.0%) presented with epilepsy due to structural and metabolic causes. Perinatal events were the putative etiology for nearly 40.7% of generalized epilepsies due to structural and metabolic causes and 28.2% of all epilepsies with onset &lt;10\u00a0years.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title><jats:p>Existing classifications schemes should be better suited to field conditions in resource\u2010limited communities in low\u2010 and middle\u2010income countries. The finding of drug\u2010resistant epilepsy in nearly at least a third in a community\u2010based sample underscores an unmet need for enhancing services for this segment within healthcare systems. Perinatal events, CNS infections, and head injury account for a third of all epilepsies and hence preventative interventions focusing on these epilepsy risk factors should be stepped up.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/epi4.12439","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,10]],"date-time":"2020-10-10T05:31:02Z","timestamp":1602307862000},"page":"582-595","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Clinical characteristics of epilepsy in resource\u2010limited communities in Punjab, Northwest India"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6661-3553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gagandeep","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research &amp; Development Unit Dayanand Medical College Ludhiana India"},{"name":"Department of Neurology Dayanand Medical College Ludhiana India"},{"name":"NIHR University College London 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