{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T01:42:54Z","timestamp":1790818974310,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,22]],"date-time":"2022-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650585600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1186025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1186025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epilepsia Open"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Glucose is the main brain fuel in fed conditions, while astrocytic glycogen is used as supplemental fuel when the brain is stimulated. Brain glycogen levels are decreased shortly after induced seizures in rodents, but little is known about how glycogen levels are affected interictally in chronic models of epilepsy. Reduced glutamine synthetase activity has been suggested to lead to increased brain glycogen levels in humans with chronic epilepsy. Here, we used the mouse pilocarpine model of epilepsy to investigate whether brain glycogen levels are altered, both acutely and in the chronic stage of the model. One day after pilocarpine\u2010induced convulsive status epilepticus (CSE), glycogen levels were higher in the hippocampal formation, cerebral cortex, and cerebellum. Opposite to expected, this was accompanied by elevated glutamine synthetase activity in the hippocampus but not the cortex. Increased interictal glycogen amounts were seen in the hippocampal formation and cerebral cortex in the chronic stage of the model (21\u00a0days post\u2010CSE), suggesting long\u2010lasting alterations in glycogen metabolism. Glycogen solubility in the cerebral cortex was unaltered in this epilepsy mouse model. Glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (Gsk3b) mRNA levels were reduced in the hippocampal formations of mice in the chronic stage, which may underlie the elevated brain glycogen content in this model. This is the first report of elevated interictal glycogen levels in a chronic epilepsy model. Increased glycogen amounts in the brain may influence seizure susceptibility in this model, and this warrants further investigation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/epi4.12599","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,4]],"date-time":"2022-04-04T13:59:31Z","timestamp":1649080771000},"page":"361-367","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Brain glycogen content is increased in the acute and interictal chronic stages of the mouse pilocarpine model of epilepsy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5955-1868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gi Young","family":"Seo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Sciences Faculty of Medicine The University of Queensland  St Lucia Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1632-9615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elliott S.","family":"Neal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Sciences Faculty of Medicine The University of Queensland  St Lucia Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7260-5832","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felicity","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Sciences Faculty of Medicine The University of Queensland  St Lucia Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9460-4926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana","family":"Vidovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Sciences Faculty of Medicine The University of Queensland  St Lucia Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fathima","family":"Nooru\u2010Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Sciences Faculty of Medicine The University of Queensland  St Lucia Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8887-3057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerald A.","family":"Dienel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences  Little Rock Arkansas USA"},{"name":"Department of Cell Biology and Physiology University of New Mexico School of Medicine  Albuquerque New Mexico USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9913-4030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mitchell A.","family":"Sullivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Glycation and Diabetes Group Mater Research Institute Translational Research Institute The University of Queensland  Brisbane Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7448-0770","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karin","family":"Borges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Sciences Faculty of Medicine The University of Queensland  St Lucia Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00062.2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)99671-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2014.88"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1975.tb07622.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1970.tb00542.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1979.tb04557.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1981.tb04673.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1977.tb10665.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.101129298"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064\u2010016\u20102048\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X211064399"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jcbfm.9600426"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)15166-5"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","first-page":"326","article-title":"Reduced glutamine synthetase in hippocampal areas with neuron loss in temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"61","author":"Hel WS","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-014-9524-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2021.108223"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12960"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-013-0528-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.WCB.0000034362.37277.C0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.04.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X16659498"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21769\/BioProtoc.1959"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/exnr.1999.7264"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/092986709787549316"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0000000000000511"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep43192"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00528.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2005.03.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0038789"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-018-0963-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.2010.142"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.00763-08"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0024-3205(00)00756-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2015.00431"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-020-02055-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2019.00374"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.16055"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9040425"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2020.118745"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.8b00281"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.11.040"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2007.05657.x"}],"container-title":["Epilepsia Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/epi4.12599","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/epi4.12599","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/epi4.12599","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,24]],"date-time":"2023-08-24T02:31:41Z","timestamp":1692844301000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/epi4.12599"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,22]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/epi4.12599"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/epi4.12599","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2470-9239","2470-9239"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2470-9239","type":"print"},{"value":"2470-9239","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-01-25","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-04-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-04-22","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}