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Here, we investigated coherence\u2010based network dynamics in scalp EEG of infants with IS to identify frequency\u2010dependent networks associated with spasms. We hypothesized that there is a network of increased fast ripple connectivity during the electrographic onset of clinical spasms, which is distinct from controls.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We retrospectively analyzed peri\u2010ictal and interictal EEG recordings of 14 IS patients. The data was compared with 9 age\u2010matched controls. Wavelet phase coherence (WPC) was computed between 0.2 and 400\u2009Hz. Frequency\u2010 and time\u2010dependent brain networks were constructed using this coherence as the strength of connection between two EEG channels, based on graph theory principles. Connectivity was evaluated through global efficiency (GE) and channel\u2010based closeness centrality (CC), over frequency and time.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>GE in the fast ripple band (251\u2013400\u2009Hz) was significantly greater following the onset of spasms in all patients (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Fast ripple networks during the first 10s from spasm onset show enhanced anteroposterior gradient in connectivity (posterior &gt; central &gt; anterior, Kruskal\u2010Wallis <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), with maximum CC over the centroparietal channels in 10\/14 patients. Additionally, this anteroposterior gradient in CC connectivity is observed during spasms but not during the interictal awake or asleep states of infants with IS. In controls, anteroposterior gradient in fast ripple CC was noted during arousals and wakefulness but not during sleep. There was also a simultaneous decrease in GE in the 5\u20138\u2009Hz range after the onset of spasms (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05), of unclear biological significance.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title><jats:p>We identified an anteroposterior gradient in the CC connectivity of fast ripple hubs during spasms. This anteroposterior gradient observed during spasms is similar to the anteroposterior gradient in the CC connectivity observed in wakefulness or arousals in controls, suggesting that this state change is related to arousal networks.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/epi4.12831","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,25]],"date-time":"2023-09-25T02:22:04Z","timestamp":1695608524000},"page":"122-137","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["EEG\u2010based spatiotemporal dynamics of fast ripple networks and hubs in infantile epileptic spasms"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-0324-8026","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioana M. A.","family":"Samfira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Edward S. 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Purpura Department of Neuroscience Albert Einstein College of Medicine  Bronx New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8318-2924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiroki","family":"Nariai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics UCLA Mattel Children's Hospital  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan M.","family":"Gursky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology and Comprehensive Einstein\/Montefiore Epilepsy Center Albert Einstein College of Medicine  Bronx New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9427-9476","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Solomon L.","family":"Mosh\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology and Comprehensive Einstein\/Montefiore Epilepsy Center Albert Einstein College of Medicine  Bronx New York USA"},{"name":"Isabelle Rapin Division of Child Neurology Albert Einstein College of Medicine  Bronx New York USA"},{"name":"Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience Albert Einstein College of Medicine  Bronx New York USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Einstein College of Medicine  Bronx New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Berj L.","family":"Bardakjian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Edward S. 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