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To study neurological problems related to autism, the scientific community has been using an animal model of TSC2, <jats:italic>Tsc2<\/jats:italic><jats:sup><jats:italic>+\/\u2212<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sup> mice. However, it is still unknown whether this model has the propensity to exhibit increased seizure susceptibility. Further, the importance of sex and\/or the circadian cycle in this biological process has never been addressed. This research aimed to determine whether male and female <jats:italic>Tsc2<\/jats:italic><jats:sup><jats:italic>+\/\u2212<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sup> mice have altered seizure susceptibility at light and dark phases.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We assessed seizure susceptibility and progression in a <jats:italic>Tsc2<\/jats:italic><jats:sup><jats:italic>+\/\u2212<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sup> mouse model using the chemical convulsant kainic acid (KA), a potent agonist of the AMPA\/kainate class of glutamate receptors. Both male and female animals at adult age were evaluated during non\u2010active and active periods. Seizure severity was determined by integrating individual scores per mouse according to a modified Racine scale. Locomotor behavior was monitored during control and after KA administration.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We found increased seizure susceptibility in <jats:italic>Tsc2<\/jats:italic><jats:sup><jats:italic>+\/\u2212<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sup> mice with a significant influence of sex and circadian cycle on seizure onset, progression, and behavioral outcomes. While, compared to controls, <jats:italic>Tsc2<\/jats:italic><jats:sup><jats:italic>+\/\u2212<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sup> males overall exhibited higher susceptibility independently of circadian cycle, <jats:italic>Tsc2<\/jats:italic><jats:sup><jats:italic>+\/\u2212<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sup> females were more susceptible during the dark and post\u2010ovulatory phase. Interestingly, sexual dimorphisms related to KA susceptibility were always reported during light phase independently of the genetic background, with females being the most vulnerable.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title><jats:p>The enhanced susceptibility in the Tsc2 mouse model suggests that other neurological alterations, beside brain lesions, may be involved in seizure occurrence for TSC. Importantly, our work highlighted the importance of considering biological sex and circadian cycle for further studies of TSC\u2010related epilepsy research.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Plain Language Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a rare genetic disorder. It causes brain lesions and is linked to epilepsy, intellectual disability, and autism. We wanted to investigate epilepsy in this model. We found that these mice have more induced seizures than control animals. Our results show that these mice can be used in future epilepsy research for this disorder. We also found that sex and time of day can influence the results. This must be considered in this type of research.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/epi4.12955","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,16]],"date-time":"2024-07-16T05:39:35Z","timestamp":1721108375000},"page":"1710-1722","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Increased susceptibility to kainate\u2010induced seizures in a mouse model of tuberous sclerosis complex: Importance of sex and circadian cycle"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2082-0842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana L.","family":"Pais","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), R. 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