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However, little attention has been paid to the frequency properties of individual spike\u2013wave complexes (SWCs), the constituting elements characterizing the different generalized seizure types. Knowledge of their properties is not only important for understanding the mechanisms underlying seizure generation but also for the identification of epileptiform activity in various seizure types. Here, we compared the frequency properties of SWCs in different epilepsy models.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A software package was designed and used for the extraction and frequency analysis of SWCs from long\u2010term EEG of four spontaneously seizing, chronic epilepsy models: a post\u2010status epilepticus model of temporal lobe epilepsy, a lateral fluid percussion injury model of post\u2010traumatic epilepsy, and two genetic models of absence epilepsy\u2014GAERS and rats of the WAG\/Rij strain. The SWCs within the generalized seizures were separated into fast (three\u2010phasic spike) and slow (mostly containing the wave) components. Eight animals from each model were used (32 recordings, 104\u2009510 SWCs in total). A limitation of our study is that the recordings were hardware\u2010filtered (high\u2010pass), which could affect the frequency composition of the EEG.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We found that the three\u2010phasic spike component was similar in all animal models both in time and frequency domains, their amplitude spectra showed a single expressed peak at 18\u201320\u2009Hz. The slow component showed a much larger variability across the rat models.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title><jats:p>Despite differences in the morphology of the epileptiform activity in different models, the frequency composition of the spike component of single SWCs is identical and does not depend on the particular epilepsy model. This fact may be used for the development of universal algorithms for seizure detection applicable to different rat models of epilepsy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Plain Language Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>There is a large variety between people with epilepsy regarding the clinical manifestations and the electroencephalographic (EEG) phenomena accompanying the epileptic seizures. Here, we show that one of the EEG signs of epilepsy, an epileptic spike, is universal, since it has the same shape and frequency characteristics in different animal models of generalized epilepsies, despite differences in recording sites and location.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/epi4.13062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]],"date-time":"2024-10-09T09:45:18Z","timestamp":1728467118000},"page":"2365-2377","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A spike is a spike: On the universality of spike features in four epilepsy models"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0293-3539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Armen","family":"Sargsyan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kaoskey Pty Ltd  Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"Orbeli Institute of Physiology  Yerevan 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