{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T02:02:51Z","timestamp":1791511371472,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]],"date-time":"2024-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730160000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008333","name":"University of Alabama at Birmingham","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008333","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epilepsia Open"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Epileptogenesis is linked to neuroinflammation. We hypothesized that local heat production caused by neuroinflammation can be visualized non\u2010invasively in\u00a0vivo via brain magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) and MRSI\u2010thermometry (MRSI\u2010t) and that there is a relationship in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) between MRSI\u2010t and brain metabolites choline and myo\u2010inositol and between neuroimaging and cellular and serum biomarkers of inflammation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Thirty\u2010six (36) participants, 18 with temporal lobe epilepsy (13 females) and 18 age\u2010matched healthy controls (nine females), were enrolled prospectively and underwent MRSI\/MRSI\u2010t; TLE participants also provided blood samples. Temperature was measured using creatine as a reference metabolite. Analysis of Functional NeuroImages\n                      <jats:italic>3dttest<\/jats:italic>\n                      ++ tool was used to analyze voxel\u2010level group differences in temperature, choline, and myo\u2010inositol. Associations with immune cell subsets, cytokines, and chemokines related to inflammation were quantified using correlation coefficients with significant relationships as noted.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Patients with TLE showed elevated temperature, choline, and myo\u2010inositol in the temporal lobes. Higher brain temperature was associated with higher levels of cytokines and chemokines, including GM\u2010CSF, TNF, IL\u20101\u03b2, and IL\u2009\u2212\u200912p70, and lower frequency of immune cells including CD3\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      T\u2010cells, CD4\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      T\u2010cells, CD8\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      T\u2010cells, and classical monocytes. Higher choline was associated with higher levels of the cytokines including LT\u2010\u03b1, IL\u201013, and IL\u20104, and higher myo\u2010inositol was associated with a higher frequency of CD4\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      T\u2010cell and CD19\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      B\u2010cell subsets and higher levels of cytokines and chemokines including LT\u2010\u03b1, IL\u201013, and CCL3.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study, for the first time, showed that in temporal lobes of patients with TLE temperature and metabolite changes correlate with cellular and serum biomarkers of inflammation. Our results provide support for further development of MRSI\u2010t as a measure of neuroinflammation in epilepsy and potentially other neurological disorders and as an investigative and clinical tool.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Plain Language Summary<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Neuroinflammation is associated with excessive heat production which can be visualized with magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging and thermometry (MRSI\u2010t). We prospectively investigated the relationship between MRSI\u2010t and cellular and serum measures of peripheral inflammation in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE); we compared the results of MRSI\u2010t in patients with TLE to healthy controls. We showed a relationship between the temperature elevations in TLE and elevations of various measures of peripheral inflammation. Our results support further development of MRSI\u2010t as a measure of neuroinflammation in epilepsy and potentially other neurological disorders and as an investigative and clinical tool.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/epi4.13082","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]],"date-time":"2024-10-29T11:42:40Z","timestamp":1730202160000},"page":"2454-2466","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Brain temperature, brain metabolites, and immune system phenotypes in temporal lobe epilepsy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Christina","family":"Mueller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham  Birmingham Alabama 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Developmental and Integrative Biology Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham  Birmingham Alabama USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5936-6627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jerzy P.","family":"Szaflarski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham  Birmingham Alabama 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