{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T10:33:15Z","timestamp":1788258795045,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]],"date-time":"2025-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754265600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K23NS128318"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23NS128318"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epilepsia Open"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>Electroencephalography (EEG) has evolved into an indispensable tool in pediatric epilepsy, fundamentally transforming the diagnosis, classification, and management of this condition. This review chronicles the historical journey of EEG from its groundbreaking inception to its current pivotal role in delineating distinct pediatric epilepsy syndromes. Early observations of epileptiform patterns paved the way for the classification of pediatric epilepsy syndromes, such as Childhood Absence Epilepsy, West syndrome, and Lennox\u2013Gastaut syndrome, marking a significant leap in understanding pediatric epilepsy. Over the decades, EEG's application has advanced from mere observation of brain activity to a systematic analysis that not only identifies abnormal patterns but also guides targeted treatment decisions. Currently, EEG assists clinicians in differentiating epileptic events from nonepileptic phenomena, which is crucial for accurate diagnosis and appropriate intervention. By localizing epileptogenic zones, EEG informs surgical planning in drug\u2010resistant epilepsy. Continuous EEG monitoring in pediatric critical care settings enables real\u2010time seizure detection, which can significantly reduce morbidity. Furthermore, EEG plays a critical role in evaluating the efficacy of pharmacological therapies, ensuring that treatments are both timely and tailored to individual patient needs. Emerging conceptual and technological advancements\u2014including quantitative biomarkers for genetic epilepsies, high\u2010frequency oscillations from scalp EEG, network\u2010based analyses, and real\u2010time seizure detection combined with closed\u2010loop stimulation\u2014hold tremendous potential to transform the diagnosis and treatment of pediatric epilepsy. Concurrently, the rapid integration of artificial intelligence is pushing the boundaries of EEG analysis in ways previously unimaginable. These innovations allow for earlier detection of subtle or subclinical pathological EEG signatures and provide prognostic insights that can inform long\u2010term management strategies. As these techniques mature, they promise not only to refine current clinical approaches but also to foster personalized interventions that optimize outcomes for children with epilepsy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Plain Language Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>EEG has evolved from Hans Berger's first recordings in 1924 to a critical tool for diagnosing and classifying childhood epilepsy. Noninvasive scalp and video\u2010EEG now distinguish true seizures from other events, monitor treatment response, forecast risk, and guide ICU care. When needed, invasive EEG pinpoints seizure sources for surgery. Cutting\u2010edge methods\u2014like detecting high\u2010frequency oscillations, network analysis, AI\u2010driven interpretation, and closed\u2010loop stimulation\u2014are creating personalized therapies and improving outcomes for children with epilepsy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/epi4.70116","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]],"date-time":"2025-08-04T15:59:21Z","timestamp":1754323161000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Frontiers in <scp>EEG<\/scp> as a tool for the management of pediatric epilepsy: Past, present, and future"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8318-2924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiroki","family":"Nariai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, UCLA Mattel Children's Hospital David Geffen School of Medicine  Los Angeles California USA"},{"name":"The UCLA Children's Discovery and Innovation Institute  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","first-page":"743","volume-title":"Jasper's basic mechanisms of the epilepsies","author":"Kamintsky L","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurpsyc.1935.02250240002001","article-title":"The electro\u2010encephalogram in epilepsy and in conditions of impaired consciousness","volume":"34","author":"Gibbs FA","year":"1935","journal-title":"Arch Neurol Psychiatr"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurpsyc.1936.02260120072005","article-title":"The electro\u2010encephalogram in diagnosis and in localization of epileptic seizures","volume":"36","author":"Gibbs FA","year":"1936","journal-title":"Arch Neurol Psychiatr"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","volume-title":"Atlas of electroencephalography: epilepsy","author":"Gibbs FA","year":"1958"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.17239","article-title":"ILAE classification and definition of epilepsy syndromes with onset in neonates and infants: position statement by the ILAE task force on nosology and definitions","volume":"63","author":"Zuberi SM","year":"2022","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.1966.tb06263.x","article-title":"Childhood epileptic encephalopathy with diffuse slow spike\u2010waves (otherwise known as \u201cpetit mal variant\u201d) or Lennox syndrome","volume":"7","author":"Gastaut H","year":"1966","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1981.tb06159.x","article-title":"Proposal for revised clinical and electroencephalographic classification of epileptic seizures. From the commission on classification and terminology of the international league against epilepsy","volume":"22","author":"Commission on Classification of Terminology of the International League Against Epilepsy","year":"1981","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1989.tb05316.x","article-title":"Proposal for revised classification of epilepsies and epileptic syndromes. Commission on classification and terminology of the international league against epilepsy","volume":"30","author":"Commission on Classification of Terminology of the International League Against Epilepsy","year":"1989","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1528-1157.2001.10401.x","article-title":"A proposed diagnostic scheme for people with epileptic seizures and with epilepsy: report of the ILAE task force on classification and terminology","volume":"42","author":"Engel J","year":"2001","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2010.02522.x","article-title":"Revised terminology and concepts for organization of seizures and epilepsies: report of the ILAE commission on classification and terminology, 2005\u20102009","volume":"51","author":"Berg AT","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13671","article-title":"Instruction manual for the ILAE 2017 operational classification of seizure types","volume":"58","author":"Fisher RS","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13670","article-title":"Operational classification of seizure types by the international league against epilepsy: position paper of the ILAE Commission for Classification and Terminology","volume":"58","author":"Fisher RS","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13709","article-title":"ILAE classification of the epilepsies: position paper of the ILAE Commission for Classification and Terminology","volume":"58","author":"Scheffer IE","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.16815","article-title":"The ILAE classification of seizures and the epilepsies: modification for seizures in the neonate. Position paper by the ILAE task force on neonatal seizures","volume":"62","author":"Pressler RM","year":"2021","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.17236","article-title":"ILAE definition of the idiopathic generalized epilepsy syndromes: position statement by the ILAE task force on nosology and definitions","volume":"63","author":"Hirsch E","year":"2022","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.17240","article-title":"International league against epilepsy classification and definition of epilepsy syndromes with onset at a variable age: position statement by the ILAE task force on nosology and definitions","volume":"63","author":"Riney K","year":"2022","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.17241","article-title":"International league against epilepsy classification and definition of epilepsy syndromes with onset in childhood: position paper by the ILAE task force on nosology and definitions","volume":"63","author":"Specchio N","year":"2022","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1212\/CPJ.0000000000001171","article-title":"Paroxysmal nonepileptic events in children: a video gallery and a guide for differential diagnosis","volume":"12","author":"Lagorio I","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurol Clin Pract"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1177\/08830738221134552","article-title":"Staring spells: an age\u2010based approach toward differential diagnosis","volume":"38","author":"Goenka A","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1715","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12336","article-title":"Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures in children: a review","volume":"54","author":"Reilly C","year":"2013","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12720","article-title":"Yield of epileptiform electroencephalogram abnormalities in incident unprovoked seizures: a population\u2010based study","volume":"55","author":"Baldin E","year":"2014","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1980.tb04043.x","article-title":"Longitudinal study of epileptiform EEG patterns in normal children","volume":"21","author":"Cavazzuti GB","year":"1980","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cnp.2017.07.002","article-title":"A revised glossary of terms most commonly used by clinical electroencephalographers and updated proposal for the report format of the EEG findings. Revision 2017","volume":"2","author":"Kane N","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol Pract"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1979","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S49531","article-title":"Long\u2010term video EEG monitoring for diagnosis of psychogenic nonepileptic seizures","volume":"10","author":"Gedzelman ER","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1994.tb02464.x","article-title":"EEG abnormalities in children with a first unprovoked seizure","volume":"35","author":"Shinnar S","year":"1994","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12550","article-title":"ILAE official report: a practical clinical definition of epilepsy","volume":"55","author":"Fisher RS","year":"2014","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2180","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182759766","article-title":"Acute EEG findings in children with febrile status epilepticus: results of the FEBSTAT study","volume":"79","author":"Nordli DR","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2015.09.013","article-title":"Clinical electroencephalographic biomarker for impending epilepsy in asymptomatic tuberous sclerosis complex infants","volume":"54","author":"Wu JY","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25956","article-title":"Prevention of epilepsy in infants with tuberous sclerosis complex in the EPISTOP trial","volume":"89","author":"Kotulska K","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.26778","article-title":"Early treatment with vigabatrin does not decrease focal seizures or improve cognition in tuberous sclerosis complex: the PREVeNT trial","volume":"95","author":"Bebin EM","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1528-1157.2003.29202.x","article-title":"The predictive value of electroencephalogram during early infancy for later development of west syndrome in infants with cystic periventricular leukomalacia","volume":"44","author":"Suzuki M","year":"2003","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2024.05.014","article-title":"Electroencephalographic patterns on follow\u2010up visits in extremely premature infants with periventricular leukomalacia: an observational study","volume":"157","author":"Lai S","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.686021","article-title":"Electroencephalography in assessment of autism Spectrum disorders: a review","volume":"12","author":"Milovanovic M","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2024.114217","article-title":"Overnight electroencephalogram to forecast epilepsy development in children with autism Spectrum disorders","volume":"274","author":"Daida A","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/124.9.1683","article-title":"Presurgical evaluation of epilepsy","volume":"124","author":"Rosenow F","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awp025","article-title":"Role of subdural electrocorticography in prediction of long\u2010term seizure outcome in epilepsy surgery","volume":"132","author":"Asano E","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2662","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.18076","article-title":"Investigating current clinical opinions in stereoelectroencephalography\u2010informed epilepsy surgery","volume":"65","author":"Thomas J","year":"2024","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13515","article-title":"Diagnostic utility of invasive EEG for epilepsy surgery: indications, modalities, and techniques","volume":"57","author":"Jayakar P","year":"2016","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_14_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1177\/1535759720934852","article-title":"Intracranial EEG in the 21st century","volume":"20","author":"Jobst BC","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epilepsy Curr"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/epd2.20190","article-title":"Learn how to interpret and use intracranial EEG findings","volume":"26","author":"Frauscher B","year":"2024","journal-title":"Epileptic Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_14_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073817690290","article-title":"Treatment of epileptic encephalopathies","volume":"33","author":"Nariai H","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24594","article-title":"Response to treatment in a prospective national infantile spasms cohort","volume":"79","author":"Knupp KG","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_14_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-012-0330-3","article-title":"Electroencephalographic monitoring in the pediatric intensive care unit","volume":"13","author":"Abend NS","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awu042","article-title":"Seizure burden is independently associated with short term outcome in critically ill children","volume":"137","author":"Payne ET","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_14_46_1","article-title":"The role of electroencephalography in the prognostication of clinical outcomes in critically ill children: a review","volume":"9","author":"Gilman CA","year":"2022","journal-title":"Children (Basel)"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1002\/epd2.20312","article-title":"ILAE neonatal seizure framework to aide in determining etiology","volume":"27","author":"Yozawitz EG","year":"2025","journal-title":"Epileptic Disord"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2550","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.17745","article-title":"Treatment of seizures in the neonate: guidelines and consensus\u2010based recommendations\u2010special report from the ILAE task force on neonatal seizures","volume":"64","author":"Pressler RM","year":"2023","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12861","article-title":"Hypsarrhythmia assessment exhibits poor interrater reliability: a threat to clinical trial validity","volume":"56","author":"Hussain SA","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1002\/epi4.12266","article-title":"Interrater reliability in visual identification of interictal high\u2010frequency oscillations on electrocorticography and scalp EEG","volume":"3","author":"Nariai H","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epilepsia Open"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1458","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01132-4","article-title":"Electrophysiological biomarkers in genetic epilepsies","volume":"18","author":"Armstrong C","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3595","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.18154","article-title":"Quantitative EEG biomarkers for STXBP1\u2010related disorders","volume":"65","author":"Cossu A","year":"2024","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"GalerPD McKeeJL RuggieroSM KaufmanMC McSalleyI GanesanS et\u00a0al.Quantitative EEG spectral features differentiate genetic epilepsies and predict neurologic outcomes.2024. medRxiv 2024.10.09.24315105.","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.10.09.24315105"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2132-20.2020","article-title":"Impaired \u03b8\u2010\u03b3 coupling indicates inhibitory dysfunction and seizure risk in a Dravet syndrome mouse model","volume":"41","author":"Jansen NA","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s11689-019-9276-y","article-title":"Phenotypic characterization of individuals with SYNGAP1 pathogenic variants reveals a potential correlation between posterior dominant rhythm and developmental progression","volume":"11","author":"Jimenez\u2010Gomez A","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurodev Disord"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcac263","article-title":"Abnormal brain state distribution and network connectivity in a SYNGAP1 rat model","volume":"4","author":"Buller\u2010Peralta I","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Commun"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.14503","article-title":"WONOEP APPRAISAL: the many facets of epilepsy networks","volume":"59","author":"Scott RC","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2018.07.017","article-title":"Strength and stability of EEG functional connectivity predict treatment response in infants with epileptic spasms","volume":"129","author":"Shrey DW","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2024.08.016","article-title":"Predictive modeling based on functional connectivity of interictal scalp EEG for infantile epileptic spasms syndrome","volume":"167","author":"Kanai S","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2022.10.004","article-title":"Quantitative pretreatment EEG predicts efficacy of ACTH therapy in infantile epileptic spasms syndrome","volume":"144","author":"Kanai S","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.960454","article-title":"EEG biomarkers for the diagnosis and treatment of infantile spasms","volume":"13","author":"Romero Mil\u00e0 B","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1002\/epi4.12831","article-title":"EEG\u2010based spatiotemporal dynamics of fast ripple networks and hubs in infantile epileptic spasms","volume":"9","author":"Samfira IMA","year":"2024","journal-title":"Epilepsia Open"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2407","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.18349","article-title":"Evidence of thalamocortical network activation during epileptic spasms: a thalamic stereotactic EEG study","volume":"66","author":"Daida A","year":"2025","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2085","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13932","article-title":"Thalamocortical functional connectivity in Lennox\u2010Gastaut syndrome is abnormally enhanced in executive\u2010control and default\u2010mode networks","volume":"58","author":"Warren AEL","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2024.107370","article-title":"Functional brain network analysis using electroencephalography in late\u2010onset Lennox\u2010Gastaut syndrome","volume":"203","author":"Wang ZJ","year":"2024","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2017.00456","article-title":"Electroencephalography network effects of corpus callosotomy in patients with Lennox\u2010Gastaut syndrome","volume":"8","author":"Liang JG","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22548","article-title":"High\u2010frequency oscillations as a new biomarker in epilepsy","volume":"71","author":"Zijlmans M","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1893","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2008.01656.x","article-title":"Interictal high\u2010frequency oscillations (80\u2010500 Hz) are an indicator of seizure onset areas independent of spikes in the human epileptic brain","volume":"49","author":"Jacobs J","year":"2008","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13829","article-title":"High\u2010frequency oscillations: the state of clinical research","volume":"58","author":"Frauscher B","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0013-9580.2004.45703.x","article-title":"Very fast rhythmic activity on scalp EEG associated with epileptic spasms","volume":"45","author":"Kobayashi K","year":"2004","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2190","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2010.02565.x","article-title":"Scalp\u2010recorded high\u2010frequency oscillations in childhood sleep\u2010induced electrical status epilepticus","volume":"51","author":"Kobayashi K","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318228bee2","article-title":"Interictal scalp fast oscillations as a marker of the seizure onset zone","volume":"77","author":"Andrade\u2010Valenca LP","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548-013-0321-y","article-title":"Scalp EEG is not a blur: it can see high frequency oscillations although their generators are small","volume":"27","author":"Zelmann R","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Topogr"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2008.07.010","article-title":"Paroxysmal fast activity: an interictal scalp EEG marker of epileptogenesis in children","volume":"82","author":"Wu JY","year":"2008","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13735","article-title":"Scalp EEG ictal gamma and beta activity during infantile spasms: evidence of focality","volume":"58","author":"Nariai H","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.12.017","article-title":"High\u2010frequency oscillations in scalp EEG: a systematic review of methodological choices and clinical findings","volume":"137","author":"Noorlag L","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13423","article-title":"Ripples on rolandic spikes: a marker of epilepsy severity","volume":"57","author":"Klink NE","year":"2016","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2019.05.023","article-title":"Scalp EEG high frequency oscillations as a biomarker of treatment response in epileptic encephalopathy with continuous spike\u2010and\u2010wave during sleep (CSWS)","volume":"71","author":"Cao D","year":"2019","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24299","article-title":"A storm of fast (40\u2010150Hz) oscillations during hypsarrhythmia in west syndrome","volume":"77","author":"Kobayashi K","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2020.08.013","article-title":"Scalp EEG interictal high frequency oscillations as an objective biomarker of infantile spasms","volume":"131","author":"Nariai H","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_81_1","unstructured":"McCrimmonCM RibaA GarnerC MaserAL ShreyDW LopourBA.Automated detection of ripple oscillations in long\u2010term scalp EEG from patients with infantile spasms.2020bioRxiv: 2020.2006.2003.132183."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25939","article-title":"Scalp ripples can predict development of epilepsy after first unprovoked seizure in childhood","volume":"89","author":"Klotz KA","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/1638097","article-title":"High\u2010frequency oscillations in the scalp electroencephalogram: mission impossible without computational intelligence","volume":"2018","author":"H\u00f6ller P","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput Intell Neurosci"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_14_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13101455","article-title":"The utility of responsive neurostimulation for the treatment of pediatric drug\u2010resistant epilepsy","volume":"13","author":"Piazza MG","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182302056","article-title":"Responsive cortical stimulation for the treatment of medically intractable partial epilepsy","volume":"77","author":"Morrell MJ","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1093\/neuros\/nyab343","article-title":"Real\u2010world preliminary experience with responsive neurostimulation in pediatric epilepsy: a multicenter retrospective observational study","volume":"89","author":"Nagahama Y","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2023.03.001","article-title":"Responsive neurostimulation in drug\u2010resistant pediatric epilepsy: findings from the epilepsy surgery subgroup of the pediatric epilepsy research consortium","volume":"143","author":"Singh RK","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_88_1","first-page":"e131","article-title":"Bilateral centromedian nucleus of thalamus responsive neurostimulation for pediatric\u2010onset drug\u2010resistant epilepsy","volume":"65","author":"Ahn S","year":"2024","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2056","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.17666","article-title":"Deep net detection and onset prediction of electrographic seizure patterns in responsive neurostimulation","volume":"64","author":"Peterson V","year":"2023","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/ab0ab5","article-title":"Deep learning for electroencephalogram (EEG) classification tasks: a review","volume":"16","author":"Craik A","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neural Eng"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_91_1","first-page":"754","article-title":"Epileptiform spike detection via convolutional neural networks","volume":"2016","author":"Johansen AR","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Int Conf Acoust Speech Signal Process"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2019.3485","article-title":"Development of expert\u2010level automated detection of epileptiform discharges during electroencephalogram interpretation","volume":"77","author":"Jing J","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/55986","article-title":"Accuracy of machine learning in detecting pediatric epileptic seizures: systematic review and meta\u2010analysis","volume":"26","author":"Zou Z","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2019.09.031","article-title":"Detection of mesial temporal lobe epileptiform discharges on intracranial electrodes using deep learning","volume":"131","author":"Abou Jaoude M","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_95_1","first-page":"e1750","article-title":"Development of expert\u2010level classification of seizures and rhythmic and periodic patterns during EEG interpretation","volume":"100","author":"Jing J","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcab267","article-title":"Refining epileptogenic high\u2010frequency oscillations using deep learning: a reverse engineering approach","volume":"4","author":"Zhang Y","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Commun"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/aca4fa","article-title":"Characterizing physiological high\u2010frequency oscillations using deep learning","volume":"19","author":"Zhang Y","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neural Eng"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ZhangY DaidaA LiuL KurodaN DingY OanaS et\u00a0al.Self\u2010supervised data\u2010driven approach defines pathological high\u2010frequency oscillations in human.2024 medRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.07.10.24310189"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1109\/TBCAS.2019.2957087","article-title":"Deep learning approach for epileptic focus localization","volume":"14","author":"Daoud H","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Circuits Syst"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-024-00965-9","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in epilepsy \u2010 applications and pathways to the clinic","volume":"20","author":"Lucas A","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2037","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.16333","article-title":"Machine learning applications in epilepsy","volume":"60","author":"Abbasi B","year":"2019","journal-title":"Epilepsia"}],"container-title":["Epilepsia Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/epi4.70116","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]],"date-time":"2025-08-04T15:59:35Z","timestamp":1754323175000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/epi4.70116"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]]},"references-count":100,"alternative-id":["10.1002\/epi4.70116"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/epi4.70116","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2470-9239","2470-9239"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2470-9239","type":"print"},{"value":"2470-9239","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-03-17","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-07-20","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-08-04","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"epi4.70116"}}