{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T07:44:33Z","timestamp":1763451873630,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763337600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epilepsia Open"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Recent advances in epilepsy surgery in patients with intractable epilepsy make it possible to study the mechanism of epilepsy in human brains. However, the true extent and propagation of each epileptogenic area from the epileptogenic focus in each patient is still difficult to perform \u201cepilepsy cure\u201d by surgery. Current epilepsy surgery, resection, or modulation surgery still produces a certain proportion of failure cases. It is important to investigate the mechanism of failure in each epilepsy surgery. Consequently, animal experiments are still important to study mechanisms and explain the reasons for the success or failure of these surgical procedures. In the present review article, a series of surgical procedures that are employed for the patients with drug\u2010resistant epilepsy, using epilepsy animals harboring focal epilepsy focus.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used focal seizure models induced by amygdala kindling or focal microinjection of kainic acid in the sensorimotor cortex or amygdala of rats and cats. We examined the effects of amygdala\u2010hippocampectomy, callosotomy, multiple subpial transection, and deep brain stimulation in these models. We performed behavioral, neurophysiological, neuropathological, and metabolic studies before and after the surgeries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Amygdala kindling model<\/jats:italic>\n                      : The study used repeated low\u2010intensity stimulation of the amygdala to induce progressive seizure activity until secondary generalization occurred. This model represents chronic focal temporal lobe epileptogenesis.\n                      <jats:italic>Kainic acid (KA)\u2010induced epilepsy model<\/jats:italic>\n                      : The authors induced focal epilepsy by injecting KA into the amygdala or sensorimotor cortex (SMc), causing limbic seizure status and focal motor seizure status with secondary generalization. We performed [14C]\u20102\u2010Deoxyglucose autoradiography (2\u2010DG) to assess metabolic changes during seizures and after surgical interventions.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We compared the results of each experimental surgery with the actual surgical results of patients with drug\u2010resistant epilepsy. We also visualized the metabolic changes of local cerebral glucose utilization (LCGU) in the brain to explain the surgical advantages and disadvantages of each procedure. The result proposed a further combination therapy with two modulation surgeries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Plain Language Summary<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We performed epilepsy surgery in experimental models of epilepsy to investigate the effectiveness of surgeries using neurophysiological and metabolic changes before and after the surgery. The result provides valuable insights into experimental epilepsy surgery, particularly in understanding seizure propagation, surgical limitations, and the role of deep brain stimulation (DBS). While the findings highlight key challenges in epilepsy surgery, this integrated translational research is also opening doors for future personalized and multimodal interventions in patients with drug\u2010resistant epilepsy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/epi4.70190","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T07:39:37Z","timestamp":1763451577000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Epilepsy surgery: From bench to the clinics"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-8894-8503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tatsuya","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery Asahikawa Medical University  Asahikawa Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","first-page":"609","volume-title":"Surgical treatment of the epilepsies","author":"Engel J","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200108023450501","article-title":"A randomized, controlled trial of surgery for temporal\u2010lobe epilepsy","volume":"345","author":"Wiebe S","year":"2001","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.16489","article-title":"How technology is driving the landscape of epilepsy surgery","volume":"61","author":"Dorfer C","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1017\/S031716710002059X","article-title":"Sleep, subcortical stimulation and kindling in 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seizure in rats","volume":"74","author":"Takebayashi S","year":"2007","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(74)90151-5","article-title":"Fastigiobulbar and dentatothalamic influences on hippocampal cobalt epilepsy in the cat","volume":"36","author":"Babb TL","year":"1974","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","first-page":"149","article-title":"Chronic stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus for the treatment of medically intractable seizures: a case report","volume":"41","author":"Bingaman WE","year":"2000","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1941.135.2.293","article-title":"The production of rhythmically recurrent cortical potentials after localized thalamic stimulation","volume":"135","author":"Dempsy EW","year":"1942","journal-title":"Am J 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