{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T03:41:52Z","timestamp":1780544512822,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768867200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768867200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HE6844\/3\u20101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HE6844\/3\u20101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LI1904\/2\u20101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LI1904\/2\u20101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epilepsia Open"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n \n Focal cortical dysplasia (\n FCD<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) is a leading cause of drug\u2010resistant epilepsy and is associated with sleep\u2010related seizures, yet the underlying electrophysiological mechanisms during different brain states remain poorly understood. We investigated whether fast oscillations (\n FOs<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) within the seizure onset zone (\n SOZ<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) and irritative zone (\n IZ<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) change significantly during sleep compared with wake in\n FCD<\/jats:styled-content>\n patients. We analyzed multiple frequency bands\u2014beta (14\u201320\u2009Hz), gamma (40\u201380\u2009Hz), ripple (80\u2013250\u2009Hz), and broadband\n BGR<\/jats:styled-content>\n (14\u2013250\u2009Hz) to provide comprehensive information about sleep\u2010related changes. We hypothesized that sleep\u2010related\n FO<\/jats:styled-content>\n changes would be associated with sleep\u2010related epilepsy, frontal location, or\n FCD<\/jats:styled-content>\n type\n II<\/jats:styled-content>\n .\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n We examined intracranial\n EEG<\/jats:styled-content>\n (\n iEEG<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) recordings from 22\n FCD<\/jats:styled-content>\n patients undergoing presurgical evaluation between 2010 and 2023, with a mean age of 25.3\u2009\u00b1\u200912.8\u2009years and a disease duration of 17.7\u2009\u00b1\u200912.3\u2009years. Using semiautomated detection, we compared\n FO<\/jats:styled-content>\n rates between wake and sleep epochs, focusing on contacts within\n IZ<\/jats:styled-content>\n and\n SOZ<\/jats:styled-content>\n . Distance\u2010based multivariate analysis of variance (\n MANOVA<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) was employed for patient\u2010level analysis, accounting for spatial organization and enabling multiband evaluation.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Analysis of 67\u2009\u00b1\u200928 bipolar\n iEEG<\/jats:styled-content>\n contact pairs per patient revealed distinct sleep\u2010related patterns. In\n SOZ<\/jats:styled-content>\n , gamma oscillations showed significant increases in 10\/22 patients (45%), followed by\n BGR<\/jats:styled-content>\n in 7\/22 patients (32%).\n IZ<\/jats:styled-content>\n exhibited stronger changes, with\n BGR<\/jats:styled-content>\n and gamma showing significance in 13\/22 patients each (59%) with high concordance. Gamma oscillation rates in\n SOZ<\/jats:styled-content>\n increased in patients with confirmed sleep\u2010related epilepsy (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.05), while no associations were found with frontal location or\n FCD<\/jats:styled-content>\n type\n II<\/jats:styled-content>\n .\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Significance<\/jats:title>\n \n Gamma oscillations showed robust sleep\u2010related increases in\n SOZ<\/jats:styled-content>\n , while gamma and\n BGR<\/jats:styled-content>\n frequencies demonstrated strong changes in\n IZ<\/jats:styled-content>\n , often occurring simultaneously. These findings suggest gamma oscillations, complemented by\n BGR<\/jats:styled-content>\n analysis, may qualify as markers for characterizing sleep\u2010related changes in\n FCD<\/jats:styled-content>\n patients, potentially advancing understanding of mechanisms underlying sleep\u2010related seizures.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Plain Language Summary<\/jats:title>\n Focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) is a brain malformation that causes difficult\u2010to\u2010treat epilepsy, with patients experiencing seizures mainly during sleep. We studied electrical brain waves in 22 FCD patients using electrodes placed directly within or on the brain during pre\u2010surgery evaluation. We compared brain wave activity between wake and sleep, focusing on fast brain waves. We found that fast brain waves, especially gamma waves, increased significantly during sleep in brain areas where seizures start, particularly in patients whose seizures occur mainly during sleep. These findings potentially help us better understand why seizures happen more often during sleep in FCD patients.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/epi4.70215","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T15:53:49Z","timestamp":1768924429000},"page":"435-451","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Sleep enhances gamma oscillations in the seizure onset zone and broadband activity in the irritative zone of focal cortical dysplasia"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6701-6563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad F.","family":"Khazali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Epilepsy Center, Medical Center \u2013 University of Freiburg, Member of the European Reference Network for Rare and Complex Epilepsies EpiCARE, Faculty of Medicine University of Freiburg Freiburg im Breisgau Germany"},{"name":"BrainLinks\u2010BrainTools Center University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nina","family":"Schwoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epilepsy Center, Medical Center \u2013 University of Freiburg, Member of the European Reference Network for Rare and Complex Epilepsies EpiCARE, Faculty of Medicine University of Freiburg Freiburg im Breisgau Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5217-0325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Armin","family":"Brandt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epilepsy Center, Medical Center \u2013 University of Freiburg, Member of the European Reference Network for Rare and Complex Epilepsies EpiCARE, Faculty of Medicine University of Freiburg Freiburg im Breisgau Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1476-7777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthias","family":"D\u00fcmpelmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epilepsy Center, Medical Center \u2013 University of Freiburg, Member of the European Reference Network for Rare and Complex Epilepsies EpiCARE, Faculty of Medicine University of Freiburg Freiburg im Breisgau Germany"},{"name":"BrainLinks\u2010BrainTools Center University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany"},{"name":"Department of Microsystems Engineering\u2014IMTEK University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9960-6958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yiwen","family":"Li Hegner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research University of T\u00fcbingen T\u00fcbingen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6948-1055","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicolas","family":"Roehri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EEG and Epilepsy Unit, University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8610-2216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dirk\u2010Matthias","family":"Altenm\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epilepsy Center, Medical Center \u2013 University of Freiburg, Member of the European Reference Network for Rare and Complex Epilepsies EpiCARE, Faculty of Medicine University of Freiburg Freiburg im Breisgau Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2780-6560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victoria","family":"San Antonio\u2010Arce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epilepsy Center, Medical Center \u2013 University of Freiburg, Member of the European Reference Network for Rare and Complex Epilepsies EpiCARE, Faculty of Medicine University of Freiburg Freiburg im Breisgau Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1691-546X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter C.","family":"Reinacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, Medical Center \u2013 University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine University of Freiburg Freiburg im Breisgau Germany"},{"name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Laser Technology Aachen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia M.","family":"Nakagawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center \u2013 University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine University of Freiburg Freiburg im Breisgau Germany"},{"name":"Translational Epilepsy Research, Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine University of Freiburg Freiburg im Breisgau Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soroush","family":"Doostkam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Center \u2013 University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine University of Freiburg Freiburg im Breisgau Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5869-1110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theo","family":"Demerath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Center \u2013 University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine University of Freiburg Freiburg im Breisgau Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7264-4807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Horst","family":"Urbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Center \u2013 University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine University of Freiburg Freiburg im Breisgau Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2382-0506","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Schulze\u2010Bonhage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epilepsy Center, Medical Center \u2013 University of Freiburg, Member of the European Reference Network for Rare and Complex Epilepsies EpiCARE, Faculty of Medicine University of Freiburg Freiburg im Breisgau Germany"},{"name":"BrainLinks\u2010BrainTools Center University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5545-7014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcel","family":"Heers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epilepsy Center, Medical Center \u2013 University of Freiburg, Member of the European Reference Network for Rare and Complex Epilepsies EpiCARE, Faculty of Medicine University of Freiburg Freiburg im Breisgau Germany"},{"name":"BrainLinks\u2010BrainTools Center University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","first-page":"146","volume-title":"Epilepsy: a public health imperative","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(08)70108-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2009.02397.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.17130"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/124.9.1683"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2009.02169.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2011.03363.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2021.108507"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410370410"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.2005.00555.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2010.02777.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000114507.30388.7E"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awf175"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2017.11.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2015.03.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2019.11.055"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2016.2556425"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0174702"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awp242"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-09931-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awv073"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12262"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00062-023-01265-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","first-page":"615","volume-title":"Surgical treatment of the epilepsies","author":"Engel JJ","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.17127"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00062-015-0387-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/879716"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.02.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jamia.2001.0080401"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2001.0978"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.09.050"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/32.2.139"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2015.01.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2016.2570743"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25124"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-5597(94)90126-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20750"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25304"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","first-page":"32","article-title":"A new method for non\u2010parametric multivariate analysis of variance","volume":"26","author":"Anderson MJ","year":"2001","journal-title":"Austral Ecol"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001234"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.26548"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.27278"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21847"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awae361"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-67120-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.01.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2013.11.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22948"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1684\/epd.2012.0525"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.18088"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30335-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(19)30108-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.563577"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2019.04.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep04545"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2004.10.014"}],"container-title":["Epilepsia Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/epi4.70215","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/epi4.70215","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/epi4.70215","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T12:29:52Z","timestamp":1778934592000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/epi4.70215"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/epi4.70215"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/epi4.70215","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2470-9239","2470-9239"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2470-9239","type":"print"},{"value":"2470-9239","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-09-12","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-12-27","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-01-20","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}