{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T10:16:15Z","timestamp":1780481775588,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775088000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775088000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epilepsia Open"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite advancements in \u201cautoimmune epilepsy,\u201d more accurately referred to herein as seizures or epilepsy of autoimmune etiology, significant variability exists in its recognition, diagnosis, and management internationally. This study assessed clinicians' understanding, access to diagnostic tools, and treatment practices across global regions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>An online survey, \u201cRecognizing Autoimmune Seizures\u201d was disseminated globally through professional networks including the Canadian League Against Epilepsy (CLAE), International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE), Young Epilepsy Section (YES), and American Epilepsy Society (AES).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The survey included 157 respondents: adult neurologists (50%), pediatric neurologists (38%), other healthcare professionals (8%), and trainees (6%). Although 69% reported familiarity with updated ILAE definitions for seizures or epilepsy of autoimmune etiology, 43% noted difficulty with clinical identification. Familiarity varied significantly by region (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.024) and was highest in Europe (76%) and Asia\/South\/Central America (73%) versus North America (50%). In Asia and South\/Central America, 66% of respondents reported difficulty accessing neural antibody testing, compared with 22% in North America and 17% in Europe (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), largely due to financial barriers in resource\u2010limited regions (87%;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). As a result, clinicians in these settings more frequently treated patients empirically with immunotherapy without confirmatory testing (72%;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Further, adult providers more often identified anti\u2010GAD65 (73% vs. 52%), anti\u2010LGI1 (83% vs. 36%), and paraneoplastic antibodies (79% vs. 31%), whereas pediatric clinicians more frequently encountered anti\u2010MOG\u2010associated seizures (84% vs. 58%; all\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009\u2264\u20090.015).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The survey highlights a clear knowledge\u2010to\u2010practice gap in the recognition and diagnosis of seizures or epilepsy of autoimmune etiology. While many are familiar with conceptual definitions, a substantial proportion lack confidence in clinical identification. Respondents emphasized that both knowledge gaps and limited access to diagnostic resources contribute to ongoing disparities in care. There is a pressing need for regionally tailored international initiatives to facilitate clinician education and improve equitable access to neural antibody testing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Plain Language Summary<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This global survey of 157 clinicians found that while familiarity with conceptual definitions of seizures and epilepsy of autoimmune etiology was high, clinical recognition remained limited, revealing a clear knowledge\u2010to\u2010practice gap. Familiarity varied by region, highest in Europe and South\/Central America and Asia, and lowest in North America. Access to neural antibody testing was most constrained in Asia and South\/Central America, where limited public funding and high out\u2010of\u2010pocket costs were major barriers, leading clinicians to rely more often on empirical immunotherapy. These regional differences highlight the need for context\u2010specific strategies rather than one\u2010size\u2010fits\u2010all solutions to improve equitable care.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/epi4.70256","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T09:56:02Z","timestamp":1775123762000},"page":"922-934","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Global disparities in the recognition, diagnosis, and management of seizures or epilepsy of autoimmune etiology"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-1306-2116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily","family":"Guarasci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Children's Health Research Institute, London Health Sciences Centre  London Ontario Canada"},{"name":"London Health Sciences Centre Research Institute  London Ontario 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