{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T16:50:31Z","timestamp":1785775831939,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782777600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001824","name":"Grantov\u00e1 Agentura \u010cesk\u00e9 Republiky","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22\u201028594K"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22\u201028594K"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001824","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epilepsia Open"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aims to analyze differences in pre\u2010implantation invasive electroencephalographic (IEEG) data between vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) responders (&gt;50% seizure reduction) and VNS nonresponders (&lt;50% seizure reduction).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We retrospectively identified 19 patients with drug\u2010resistant focal epilepsy who underwent IEEG followed by VNS implantation instead of resective brain surgery. Resting\u2010state IEEG recordings (30\u2009min) were selected for all patients. Three biomarkers were analyzed in the IEEG data: (1) the number of interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs), (2) the number of high\u2010frequency oscillations (HFOs; ripples: 80\u2013250\u2009Hz, fast ripples: 250\u2013600\u2009Hz), and (3) relative entropy (all frequency bands, 80\u2013250\u2009Hz, and 250\u2013600\u2009Hz). Analyses were performed in three regions of interest: (1) the all contact zones (ACZ), (2) the seizure\u2010onset zones (SOZ), and (3) the non\u2010seizure onset zones (NON SOZ). Differences between VNS responders and nonresponders were then evaluated. Finally, a statistical classifier was constructed to predict VNS efficacy based on all three biomarkers in the ACZ, SOZ, and non\u2010SOZ.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The only biomarker that revealed significant differences between VNS responders and nonresponders was Relative Entropy (SOZ: ripples [\n                      <jats:italic>U<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20091,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.18] and fast ripples [\n                      <jats:italic>U<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20098.0,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.009]), but analysis of effect size using Cliff's delta demonstrated large effects across all three zones in the raw signal, ripple, and fast ripple frequency bands. The best accuracy of 0.84 was obtained for the classifier based on the ACZ; the accuracy of the classifier for the SOZ and NON SOZ was 0.72 and 0.79, respectively.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Invasive electroencephalographic recordings can be used to predict pre\u2010implantation VNS efficacy. In this context, Relative Entropy appears to be a crucial biomarker for distinguishing between VNS responders and nonresponders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Plain Language Summary<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study shows that brain recordings taken with internal electrodes can help doctors predict whether vagus nerve stimulation will successfully reduce a patient's seizures. We found that a specific measure of brain activity patterns, called Relative Entropy, is a key indicator of whether the treatment will be effective. These findings suggest that analyzing these brain signals can help identify the patients most likely to benefit from vagus nerve stimulation before the device is implanted.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/epi4.70297","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T20:00:58Z","timestamp":1782849658000},"page":"1343-1353","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Relative entropy as a biomarker for vagus nerve stimulation response in epilepsy: Insights from intracerebral electroencephalography"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9210-6686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u0160t\u011bp\u00e1n","family":"Erben","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Brno Epilepsy Center, First Department of Neurology St. Anne's University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Member of ERN\u2010EpiCARE  Brno Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6670-6717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Cimb\u00e1ln\u00edk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Scientific Instrument of the Czech Academy of Sciences  Brno Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4364-532X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva","family":"Zatloukalov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brno Epilepsy Center, First Department of Neurology St. Anne's University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Member of ERN\u2010EpiCARE  Brno Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8492-8994","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Petra","family":"B\u00fa\u0159ilov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Science, Faculty of Medicine Masaryk University  Brno Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2342-815X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Vinkl\u00e1rek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brno Epilepsy Center, First Department of Neurology St. Anne's University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Member of ERN\u2010EpiCARE  Brno Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7265-9416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbora","family":"Sklen\u00e1rov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brno Epilepsy Center, First Department of Neurology St. Anne's University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Member of ERN\u2010EpiCARE  Brno Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7529-773X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Chrastina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery St. Anne's University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University  Brno Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1348-1758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva","family":"Brichtov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery St. Anne's University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University  Brno Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9139-1091","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jitka","family":"Ko\u010dvarov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brno Epilepsy Center, First Department of Neurology St. Anne's University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Member of ERN\u2010EpiCARE  Brno Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3636-9056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ond\u0159ej","family":"Str\u00fd\u010dek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brno Epilepsy Center, First Department of Neurology St. Anne's University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Member of ERN\u2010EpiCARE  Brno Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2059-4822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Pail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brno Epilepsy Center, First Department of Neurology St. Anne's University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Member of ERN\u2010EpiCARE  Brno Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7979-2343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milan","family":"Br\u00e1zdil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brno Epilepsy Center, First Department of Neurology St. Anne's University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Member of ERN\u2010EpiCARE  Brno Czech Republic"},{"name":"Behavioral and Social Neuroscience Research Group, Central European Institute of Technology Masaryk University  Brno Czech 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