{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T16:50:29Z","timestamp":1786467029842,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786406400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004752","name":"State Government of Victoria","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004752","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epilepsia Open"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Bilateral hippocampal compromise in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) substantially increases the risk of significant adverse memory outcomes following unilateral anterior temporal lobectomy and may contraindicate surgery. The Spatial Learning Task (SLT) of Lhermitte and Signoret (1972) is a simple object\u2013location arbitrary associative learning task proposed as a marker of bitemporal dysfunction. Here, we test whether the SLT might serve as a useful marker in TLE by examining, in individuals with TLE and hippocampal sclerosis (HS), whether performance on the SLT depends on the laterality of the HS (left, right, bilateral). We hypothesize that performance will be worst in the setting of bilateral HS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrospective analysis of 63 surgically na\u00efve TLE\u2010HS patients (16 bilateral HS, 28 left HS, 19 right HS) who underwent neuropsychological evaluation at a tertiary epilepsy center.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Bilateral HS cases showed significantly poorer SLT learning and learning efficiency compared to right HS cases (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009\u2264\u2009.005, BF\n                      <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2009\u2265\u200925). Left HS cases performed comparably to bilateral HS cases on early trials but typically achieved ceiling performance with repetition, reflecting inefficiency rather than capacity loss. An SLT learning score &lt;13 yielded high specificity (96% [95% CI: 0.85\u20130.99]) but modest sensitivity (44% [95% CI 0.20\u20130.70]) for identifying bilateral HS cases.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In the setting of TLE\u2010HS, poor performance on the SLT increases the probability of bilateral hippocampal pathology, supporting its utility as a rule\u2010in indicator. Although intact scores do not reliably exclude bilateral pathology, a low score on this task should prompt further investigations as to possible bitemporal compromise, and suggest risk of adverse memory outcomes following surgery. Prospective, post\u2010operative studies will be required to quantify this risk.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Plain Language Statement<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results of the study show that the ability to learn arbitrary object\u2013location pairings is compromised in the setting of temporal lobe epilepsy with bilateral hippocampal sclerosis (HS). In contrast, patients with unilateral HS generally retained sufficient capacity to learn the task, though those with left HS were slower to acquire the pairings across repeated trials. A low score on this task was a strong indicator of bilateral hippocampal pathology, whereas an intact score did not reliably exclude it. Our results suggest that performance on this simple learning task provides a useful marker of bilateral hippocampal compromise in epilepsy and may be particularly valuable in patients for whom standard memory tests are less suitable. We provide a cutoff score to facilitate clinical interpretation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/epi4.70332","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T16:00:56Z","timestamp":1786464056000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The spatial learning task of Lhermitte and Signoret: Marker of bilateral hippocampal dysfunction in temporal lobe epilepsy"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0484-2830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andy","family":"Sitoh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences University of Melbourne  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Department of Psychology (General Health) Austin Health  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Weintrob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology (General Health) Austin Health  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Bladin\u2010Berkovic Comprehensive Epilepsy Program, Department of Neurology Austin Health  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4996-8189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacqueline F. I.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences University of Melbourne  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3399-5430","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marie F.","family":"O'Shea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences University of Melbourne  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Department of Psychology (General Health) Austin Health  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Bladin\u2010Berkovic Comprehensive Epilepsy Program, Department of Neurology Austin Health  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7917-5326","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Graeme D.","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bladin\u2010Berkovic Comprehensive Epilepsy Program, Department of Neurology Austin Health  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7855-7066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piero","family":"Perucca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bladin\u2010Berkovic Comprehensive Epilepsy Program, Department of Neurology Austin Health  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Department of Medicine (Austin Health) The University of Melbourne  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, School of Translational Medicine Monash University  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Department of Neurology Alfred Health  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Department of Neurology The Royal Melbourne Hospital  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1320-5924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chris","family":"Tailby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology (General Health) Austin Health  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Bladin\u2010Berkovic Comprehensive Epilepsy Program, Department of Neurology Austin Health  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.20.1.11"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0054728"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","first-page":"42","article-title":"The effect of hippocampal lesions on recent memory","volume":"80","author":"Milner B","year":"1955","journal-title":"Trans Am Neurol Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2015.07.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2010.131"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004150050484"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528\u20101167.2010.02710.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awp012"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","first-page":"161","article-title":"Neuropsychologic analysis and differentiation of amnesia syndromes","volume":"126","author":"Lhermitte F","year":"1972","journal-title":"Rev Neurol (Paris)"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.860982"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2010.11.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01688638008403799"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","first-page":"753","article-title":"Optimizing the diagnosis of hippocampal sclerosis using MR imaging","volume":"14","author":"Jackson GD","year":"1993","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","unstructured":"MoreyRD RouderJN.BayesFactor: Computation of Bayes Factors for Common Designs [Internet].2023. 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