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We therefore pooled data (N\u2009=\u200914 studies; N\u2009=\u20093315 cases, N\u2009=\u20093395 controls) on Cloninger's temperament traits (novelty seeking, harm avoidance, reward dependence and persistence) in anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), binge eating disorder (BED) and eating disorders not otherwise specified. Persistence was significantly higher than in the controls in all eating disorders except for BED the highest levels being observed in AN. Correspondingly, the highest effect sizes for harm avoidance were seen in AN. Novelty seeking was significantly elevated relative to the controls only in BN. Harm avoidance was significantly lower, and reward dependence was significantly higher in individuals who had recovered from AN than in those who remained ill. Future studies with a longitudinal design are needed to explore the temporal relationships between eating disorders and temperament traits. Copyright \u00a9 2014 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/erv.2342","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,29]],"date-time":"2014-12-29T11:57:33Z","timestamp":1419854253000},"page":"89-99","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":107,"title":["A Meta\u2010Analysis of Temperament in Eating Disorders"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Minna","family":"Atiye","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hjelt Institute, Department of Public Health University of Helsinki  Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jouko","family":"Miettunen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital  Oulu Finland"},{"name":"Institute of Health Sciences University of Oulu  Oulu Finland"},{"name":"Medical Research Center Oulu Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu  Oulu Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anu","family":"Raevuori\u2010Helkamaa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hjelt Institute, Department of Public Health University of Helsinki  Finland"},{"name":"Department of Adolescent Psychiatry Helsinki University Central Hospital  Helsinki Finland"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, Child Psychiatry University of Turku  Turku Finland"},{"name":"Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services National Institute for Health and Welfare  Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2006.03.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1819.2004.01226.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2007.03.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2010.10.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.160.2.242"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/7854_2010_78"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-108X(199503)17:2<147::AID-EAT2260170207>3.0.CO;2-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-108X(200009)28:2<148::AID-EAT3>3.0.CO;2-F"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/erv.551"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-108X(199309)"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-440X(92)90051-Q"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1997.tb09913.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.63.3.305"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.04.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.20522"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1987.01800180093014"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.1991.69.3.1047"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1993.01820240059008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","volume-title":"The Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI): A guide to its development and use","author":"Cloninger C. 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