{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T13:09:25Z","timestamp":1780492165641,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,20]],"date-time":"2021-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626739200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007411","name":"Ministry of Power","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007411","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Energy Storage"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>This review paper examines the types of electric vehicle charging station (EVCS), its charging methods, connector guns, modes of charging, and testing and certification standards, and the current status of Indian standards with respect to international standards. The paper also discusses key challenges in the standardization of EVCS worldwide and provides recommendations. It is recommended to use the combined charging system (CCS) charging methodology which will cater to the electric vehicle (EV) market in the country as well as abroad and help promote faster adoption of EVs. With many advantages with CCS charging methodology such as single connector, both AC and DC charging, high power capacity, promoted by a large number of EV manufacturers across the globe, etc., it is recommended to use CCS charging methodology. CHArge de MOve (CHAdeMO) is the only charging methodology having a vehicle to grid (V2G) functionality that can be made compatible with local grid codes which can support the grid during peak load demand using the combination of bidirectional EVCS and EV batteries acting as energy storage equipment. Finally, a comparative analysis is provided between the Indian standards and international standards from Europe, China, Japan, Germany, North America, and International Organization for Standardization (ISO).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/est2.261","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,5]],"date-time":"2021-07-05T04:00:12Z","timestamp":1625457612000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":68,"title":["Standards for electric vehicle charging stations in India: A\u00a0review"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0036-9399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeykishan","family":"Kumar K","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Division Central Power Research Institute  Bengaluru India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sudhir","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Division Central Power Research Institute  Bengaluru India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nandakumar","family":"V.S","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Division Central Power Research Institute  Bengaluru India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","volume-title":"Samuel Morey and his Atmospheric Engine","author":"Hardenberg HO","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Gas and Oil Engines","author":"Clerk D","year":"1897"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"GuarnieriM.Looking back to electric cars. Paper presented at: Proceedings of HISTELCON 2012: The Origins of Electrotechnologies.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/HISTELCON.2012.6487583.","DOI":"10.1109\/HISTELCON.2012.6487583"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3141\/1885-01"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","unstructured":"International Energy Agency.Global EV outlook 2018.2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.35833\/MPCE.2018.000374"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/OJPEL.2021.3054601"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","unstructured":"China Raises 2025 Electrified\u2010Car Sales Target to About 25%. Bloomberg News. 2019.https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2019\u201012\u201003\/china\u2010raises\u20102025\u2010sales\u2010target\u2010for\u2010electrified\u2010cars\u2010to\u2010about\u201025. Accessed January 30 2021."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","unstructured":"Norwegian EV policy.https:\/\/elbil.no\/english\/norwegian-ev-policy\/. Accessed January 30 2021."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","unstructured":"Internal Revenue Bulletin: 2009\u201048.United States Government. November 30 2009.https:\/\/www.irs.gov\/irb\/2009-48_IRB. Accessed January 30 2021."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","unstructured":"Green Car Congress.UK Government Announces \u00a35 000 Grants Towards Purchase of Electric Drive Vehicles and First \u201cPlugged\u2010in Places\u201d. 2010.https:\/\/www.greencarcongress.com\/2010\/02\/uk-ev-20100226.html. Accessed January 30 2021."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","unstructured":"TERI. 2020Electric Vehicles: Perspective of DISCOMs and Stakeholders New Delhi: The Energy and Resources Institute; 83 pp. [Project Report No. 2017EF33].https:\/\/www.teriin.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2020-09\/DUF_EV_Report.pdf. Accessed January 30 2021."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","unstructured":"Mayor of London.Congestion Charge \u2013 Ultra Low Emission Discount.2014.https:\/\/www.london.gov.uk\/questions\/2014\/5137. Accessed January 30 2021."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2004.06.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","first-page":"83","volume-title":"Electric Vehicles: Perspective of DISCOMs and Stakeholders","author":"TERI","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","volume-title":"Global EV Outlook 2021","author":"IEA","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","volume-title":"Society of Manufacturers of Electric Vehicles (SMEV)","author":"IEA EV Outlook","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","unstructured":"Technical report: White paper on \u2018Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure and Impacts on Distribution Network\u2019 USAID's Greening the Grid (GTG) \u2013 Renewable Integration and Sustainable Energy (RISE) initiative July2020."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","unstructured":"KumarKJ.India's EV Charging Infrastructure \u2013 An Overview.2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","unstructured":"List of EV Charger Manufacturers in India.Indian Auto. 2020.https:\/\/indianauto.com\/stories\/list\u2010of\u2010ev\u2010charger\u2010manufacturers\u2010in\u2010india\u2010nid5215. Accessed March 4 2021."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2020.2989195"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en12163114"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2015.2499783"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","unstructured":"KettlesD.Electric vehicle charging technology analysis and standards. FSEC Report No. FSEC\u2010CR\u20101996\u201015.2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","volume-title":"Innovation Outlook: Smart Charging for Electric Vehicles","author":"IRENA","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119329084.ch3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","unstructured":"GhatikarR AhujaA PillaiR SeethapathyR RaiB.Implementation Plan for Electrification of Public Transportation in Kolkata.2017.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13140\/RG.2.2.30986.77763"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","unstructured":"OpenCourseWare on \u201cElectric cars: Technology Lecture notes: Lecture 3.3\u2010 TU Delft Netherlands\u201d.https:\/\/ocw.tudelft.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/eCARS2x_Lecture_Notes_L3-3.pdf. Accessed January 30 2021."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en12193721"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","first-page":"49","article-title":"CHAdeMO\u2010conformity high\u2010power charger connector assembly for over 100 kW\u2010class EV charge","volume":"88","author":"Nakanishi T","year":"2019","journal-title":"SEI Tech Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","unstructured":"DHI.Department of Heavy Industries. Standardisation of Protocol for EV charging infrastructure\u2010Bharat EV charger specifications regarding. 2017.https:\/\/dhi.nic.in\/writereaddata\/UploadFile\/REPORT%20OF%20COMMITTEE636469551875975520.pdf. Accessed January 30 2021."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","volume-title":"Charging India's Four\u2010Wheeler Transport","author":"Das S","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2019.109618"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","unstructured":"BahramiA.EV Charging Definitions Modes Levels Communication Protocols and Applied Standards Technical Report.2020."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","volume-title":"IEC 61851\u20101:2017\u201002. Electric Vehicle Conductive Charging System\u2014Part 1: General Requirements","author":"International Electrotechnical Commission","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","volume-title":"The Internet of Things: Key Applications and Protocols","author":"Hersent O","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"FalvoM SbordoneD BayramI DevetsikiotisM.EV charging stations and modes: international standards. 2014 International Symposium on Power Electronics Electrical Drives Automation and Motion SPEEDAM 2014. 1134\u20131139.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/SPEEDAM.2014.6872107.","DOI":"10.1109\/SPEEDAM.2014.6872107"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","unstructured":"Central Electricity Authority (Technical Standards for Connectivity to the Grid) (Amendment) Regulations 2019 Ministry of Power Notification (New Delhi dated 6th February 2019) Part III Section 4."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","unstructured":"Central Electricity Authority (Measures relating to Safety and Electric Supply) (Amendment) Regulations 2019 Ministry of Power Notification (New Delhi dated 28th June 2019) Part III Section 4."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","unstructured":"IS 17017: Part 1: 2018 Electric Vehicle Conductive Charging System Part 1 General Requirements Bureau of Indian Standards."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","unstructured":"IS 17017: Part 2: Sec 2: 2020 Electric Vehicle Conductive Charging System Part 2 Plugs Socket Outlets Vehicle Connectors and Vehicle Inlets Section 2: Dimensional Compatibility and Interchangeability Requirements for a.c. Pin and Contact\u2010Tube Accessories Bureau of Indian Standards."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","unstructured":"IS 17017: Part 21: Sec 1: 2019\/IEC 61851\u201321\u20101:2017 Electric Vehicle Conductive Charging System Part 21 Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Requirements Section 1 On\u2010Board Chargers Bureau of Indian Standards."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","unstructured":"IS 17017: Part 21: Sec 2: 2019\/IEC 61851\u201321\u20102:2018 Electric Vehicle Conductive Charging System Part 21 Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Requirements Section 2 Off\u2010Board Chargers Bureau of Indian Standards."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","unstructured":"Letter No. August 23 2018\u2010R&R dated April 13 2018 issued by the Ministry of Power."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","unstructured":"Clause 2.2 of the Charging Infrastructure for Electric Vehicles (EV) \u2013 Revised Guidelines & Standards. 2019."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","unstructured":"The Faster Cheaper Better Way of Charge Electric Vehicles. October 18 2018.https:\/\/www.wired.com\/story\/the-faster-cheaper-better-way-to-charge-electric-vehicles\/. Accessed January 30 2021."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_1","unstructured":"Bureau of Energy Efficiency Propelling Electric Vehicles in India \u2013 Technical study of Electric Vehicles and Charging Infrastructure prepared by Ernst & Young LLP 2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_1","unstructured":"Department of Heavy Industry.Expression of Interest Inviting Proposals for availing incentives under FAME India scheme Phase II for deployment of EV charging infrastructure within cities. August2019.https:\/\/dhi.nic.in\/writereaddata\/UploadFile\/Revised\u2010%20Expression%20of%20Interest.pdf. Accessed January 30 2021."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_1","unstructured":"CHAdeMO releases the latest version of the protocol enabling up to 400KW. 2018.https:\/\/www.chademo.com\/chademo\u2010releases\u2010the\u2010latest\u2010version\u2010of\u2010the\u2010protocol\u2010enabling\u2010up\u2010to\u2010400kw\/. Accessed May 12 2021."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_51_1","unstructured":"CHAdeMO 3.0 released: the first publication of ChaoJi the new plug harmonised with China's GB\/T. 2020.https:\/\/www.chademo.com\/chademo-3-0-released\/. Accessed May 12 2021."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_52_1","unstructured":"CHAdeMO 3.0 released; first publication of new plug harmonized with China's GB\/T. 2020.https:\/\/www.greencarcongress.com\/2020\/04\/20200430-chademo3.html. Accessed May 12 2021."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/wevj8020557"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KumarKJ Sudhir KumarR NandakumarVS.Voltage and frequency response of three phase grid tie solar inverter during LVRT. Paper presented at: 2020 International Conference on Smart Technologies in Computing Electrical and Electronics (ICSTCEE) 2020; 424\u2010426.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICSTCEE49637.2020.9276941","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSTCEE49637.2020.9276941"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"NinadN Apablaza\u2010ArancibiaE BuiM et al.PV inverter grid support function assessment using open\u2010source IEEE P1547.1 test package. Paper presented at:2020 47th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC) 2020: 1138\u20131144.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/PVSC45281.2020.9300372","DOI":"10.1109\/PVSC45281.2020.9300372"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.33130\/AJCT.2020v06i03.009"}],"container-title":["Energy Storage"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/est2.261","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/est2.261","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/est2.261","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,28]],"date-time":"2023-08-28T03:54:21Z","timestamp":1693194861000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/est2.261"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,20]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/est2.261"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/est2.261","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2578-4862","2578-4862"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2578-4862","type":"print"},{"value":"2578-4862","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-03-06","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-06-12","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-07-20","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e261"}}