{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T03:49:53Z","timestamp":1792122593112,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,27]],"date-time":"2012-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1335484800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,22]],"date-time":"2012-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1337644800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":25,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["setac.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>One target of development and application of TiO2 nanoparticles (nano-TiO2) is photochemical degradation of contaminants and photo-killing of microbes and fouling organisms. However, few ecotoxicological studies have focused on this aspect of nano-TiO2, specifically whether this photoreactivity might significantly increase hazard and risk of the materials in the natural environment. In the present study, we evaluated acute phototoxicity of nano-TiO2 under simulated solar radiation (SSR) to two aquatic species\u2013Daphnia magna and Japanese medaka, using 48-h and 96-h assays, respectively. A thorough characterization of the exposure system was performed by measuring particle agglomeration and TiO2 concentration in suspension in a time-course manner. Sedimentation and loss of bulk concentration of nano-TiO2 particles occurred at all concentrations above 2\u2009mg\/L and was more significant as concentration increased. Phototoxicity of nano-TiO2 under SSR was enhanced by two to four orders of magnitude as compared to toxicity under ambient laboratory light, with a 48-h median lethal concentration (LC50) of 29.8\u2009\u00b5g\/L in D. magna and a 96-h LC50 of 2.2\u2009mg\/L in medaka. Our results also indicate that these effects are dependent on simultaneous exposure of the organisms to nanoparticles and SSR. This dramatic increase in toxicity of nano-TiO2 at environmentally realistic levels of SSR indicates the need to incorporate this mode of action into risk assessment for nano-TiO2 and other photoreactive nanomaterials. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012; 31: 1621\u20131629. \u00a9 2012 SETAC<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.1858","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,28]],"date-time":"2012-04-28T01:26:32Z","timestamp":1335576392000},"page":"1621-1629","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":146,"title":["Phototoxicity of TiO2 nanoparticles under solar radiation to two aquatic species: <i>Daphnia magna<\/i> and Japanese medaka"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Hongbo","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, Duluth, Minnesota"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"Brennan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, Duluth, Minnesota"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen A.","family":"Diamond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Mid-Continent Ecology Division, Duluth, Minnesota"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025010313494644200_bib1","article-title":"National case studies: Nanoscale titanium dioxide in water treatment and in topical sunscreen. 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