{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T19:45:43Z","timestamp":1760730343812,"version":"3.40.3"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,31]],"date-time":"2012-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1338422400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,14]],"date-time":"2012-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1339632000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":14,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["setac.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cyanide can be toxic to aquatic organisms, and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has developed ambient water-quality criteria to protect aquatic life. Recent work suggests that considering free, rather than total, cyanide provides a more accurate measure of the biological effects of cyanides and provides a basis for water-quality criteria. Aquatic organisms are sensitive to free cyanide, although certain metals can form stable complexes and reduce the amount of free cyanide. As a result, total cyanide is less toxic when complexing metals are present. Cyanide is often present in complex effluents, which requires understanding how other components within these complex effluents can affect cyanide speciation and bioavailability. The authors have developed a model to predict the aqueous speciation of cyanide and have shown that this model can predict the toxicity of metal\u2013cyanide complexes in terms of free cyanide in solutions with varying water chemistry. Toxicity endpoints based on total cyanide ranged over several orders of magnitude for various metal\u2013cyanide mixtures. However, predicted free cyanide concentrations among these same tests described the observed toxicity data to within a factor of 2. Aquatic toxicity can be well-described using free cyanide, and under certain conditions the toxicity was jointly described by free cyanide and elevated levels of bioavailable metals. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012; 31: 1774\u20131780. \u00a9 2012 SETAC<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.1906","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,31]],"date-time":"2012-05-31T20:41:20Z","timestamp":1338496880000},"page":"1774-1780","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Bioavailability of cyanide and metal\u2013cyanide mixtures to aquatic life"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Aaron","family":"Redman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"HydroQual, Mahwah, New Jersey, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Santore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HydroQual, Mahwah, New Jersey, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,31]]},"reference":[{"year":"2003","author":"Kavanaugh","key":"2025010314005231100_bib1"},{"key":"2025010314005231100_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-59891-3_5","volume-title":"Environmental Impacts of Mining Activities: Emphasis on Mitigation and Remedial Measures","author":"Eisler","year":"1999"},{"year":"1985","author":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","key":"2025010314005231100_bib3"},{"volume-title":"Cyanide in Water and Soil: Chemistry, Risk and Management","year":"2006","author":"Gensemer","key":"2025010314005231100_bib4"},{"key":"2025010314005231100_bib5","first-page":"1020","article-title":"Some experiments on the toxicity of complex cyanides to fish","volume":"28","author":"Doudoroff","year":"1956","journal-title":"Sewage Ind Waste"},{"key":"2025010314005231100_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1577\/1548-8659(1966)95[6:ATTFOS]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Acute toxicity to fish of solutions containing complex metal cyanides in relation to concentrations of molecular hydrocyanic acid","volume":"95","author":"Doudoroff","year":"1966","journal-title":"Trans Am Fish Soc"},{"key":"2025010314005231100_bib7","first-page":"75","article-title":"Toxicity of cyanide and iron\u2013cyanide complexes to Australian bass Macquaria novemaculeata and black bream Acanthopagrus butcheri","volume":"2","author":"Pablo","year":"1996","journal-title":"Aust J Ecotoxicol"},{"key":"2025010314005231100_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/s001289900305","article-title":"Toxicity of cyanide, iron\u2013cyanide complexes and a blast furnace effluent to larvae of the doughboy scallop, Chlamys asperrimus","volume":"58","author":"Pablo","year":"1997","journal-title":"Bull Environ Contam Toxicol"},{"key":"2025010314005231100_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1007\/s001289900408","article-title":"Toxicity of cyanide, iron\u2013cyanide complexes and a blast-furnace effluent to the banana prawn, Penaeus monodon","volume":"58","author":"Pablo","year":"1997","journal-title":"Bull Environ Contam Toxicol"},{"key":"2025010314005231100_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2435","DOI":"10.1016\/S0043-1354(97)00094-8","article-title":"Toxicity of cyanide and cyanide complexes to the marine diatom Nitzschia closterium","volume":"31","author":"Pablo","year":"1997","journal-title":"Water Res"},{"year":"2007","author":"Gensemer","key":"2025010314005231100_bib11"},{"key":"2025010314005231100_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2323","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5620190923","article-title":"Site-specific marine water-quality criterion for cyanide","volume":"19","author":"Brix","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Chem"},{"year":"1973","author":"Broderius","key":"2025010314005231100_bib13"},{"key":"2025010314005231100_bib14","volume-title":"Aquatic Chemistry. 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