{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T13:28:02Z","timestamp":1790429282365,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,19]],"date-time":"2013-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1361232000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,16]],"date-time":"2013-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1366070400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":56,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["setac.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>\u2003<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Nickel (Ni) is a common pollutant found in aquatic environments and may be harmful at elevated concentrations. Increasing salinity has been shown to decrease the bioavailability and toxicity of other metals to aquatic organisms. In the present study, acute Ni toxicity experiments (96-h) were conducted at various salinities (0\u201336 ppt) to determine the effects of salinity on Ni toxicity to 2 euryhaline fish species, Kryptolebias marmoratus and Fundulus heteroclitus. Nickel concentrations causing lethality to 50% of the fish ranged from 2\u2009mg\/L in moderately hard freshwater to 66.6\u2009mg\/L in 36 ppt saltwater. Nickel toxicity to F. heteroclitus decreased linearly with increasing salinity; however, Ni toxicity to K. marmoratus was only lowered by salinities above 6 ppt, demonstrating potential physiological differences between the 2 species when they are functioning as freshwater fish. Furthermore, the authors investigated the influence of Mg2+, Ca2+, Na+, and Cl\u2013 on Ni toxicity to F. heteroclitus. Freshwater with up to 120\u2009mg\/L Ca2+ as CaSO4, 250\u2009mg\/L Mg2+ as MgSO4, or 250\u2009mg\/L Na+ as NaHCO3 did not provide protection against Ni toxicity. Alternatively, 250\u2009mg\/L Na+, as NaCl, was protective against Ni toxicity; and the extent of protection was similar to that demonstrated from salt water with the same Cl\u2013 concentration. These results suggest that Cl\u2013 is the predominant ion responsible for reducing Ni toxicity to K. marmoratus and F. heteroclitus in higher salinity waters. Environ Toxicol Chem 2013;32:1354\u20131359. \u00a9 2013 SETAC<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.2185","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,19]],"date-time":"2013-02-19T21:56:21Z","timestamp":1361310981000},"page":"1354-1359","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["The influence of salinity on acute nickel toxicity to the two euryhaline fish species, <i>Fundulus heteroclitus<\/i> and <i>Kryptolebias marmoratus<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Gretchen K.","family":"Bielmyer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Valdosta State UniversityDepartment of Biology, , Valdosta , Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carri","family":"DeCarlo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Valdosta State UniversityDepartment of Biology, , Valdosta , Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cameron","family":"Morris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Valdosta State UniversityDepartment of Biology, , Valdosta , Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Carrigan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Valdosta State UniversityDepartment of Biology, , Valdosta , Georgia , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025010314230716100_etc2185-bib-0001","first-page":"1","author":"Eisler","year":"1998"},{"key":"2025010314230716100_etc2185-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-445X(02)00131-5","article-title":"Acute waterborne nickel toxicity in the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) occurs by a respiratory rather than ionoregulatory mechanism","volume":"63","author":"Pane","year":"2003","journal-title":"Aquat Toxicol"},{"key":"2025010314230716100_etc2185-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2004.04.009","article-title":"Mechanistic analysis of acute, Ni-induced respiratory toxicity in the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): An exclusively branchial phenomenon","volume":"69","author":"Pane","year":"2004","journal-title":"Aquat Toxicol"},{"key":"2025010314230716100_etc2185-bib-0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4382","DOI":"10.1021\/es034317l","article-title":"Mechanisms of acute and chronic waterborne nickel toxicity in the freshwater cladoceran, Daphnia magna","volume":"37","author":"Pane","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"2025010314230716100_etc2185-bib-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1012973728628","article-title":"The influence of water hardness, pH, and suspended solids on nickel toxicity to larval fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas)","volume":"133","author":"Pyle","year":"2002","journal-title":"Water Air Soil Poll"},{"key":"2025010314230716100_etc2185-bib-0006","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Nickel in the Environment","author":"Nriagu","year":"1980"},{"key":"2025010314230716100_etc2185-bib-0007","volume-title":"Fourth United Nations World Water Development Report","author":"Pyati","year":"2012"},{"key":"2025010314230716100_etc2185-bib-0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2007.06.069","article-title":"Effects of nickel chloride and oxygen depletion on behavior and vitality of zebrafish (Danio rerio, Hamilton, 1822) (Pisces, Cypriniformes) embryos and larvae","volume":"152","author":"Kienle","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"2025010314230716100_etc2185-bib-0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1021\/es980715q","article-title":"Binding of nickel and copper to fish gills predicts toxicity when water hardness varies, but free ion activity does not","volume":"33","author":"Meyer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"2025010314230716100_etc2185-bib-0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1897\/03-11","article-title":"Influence of water quality and age on nickel toxicity to fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas)","volume":"23","author":"Hoang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Chem"},{"key":"2025010314230716100_etc2185-bib-0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2383","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5620201034","article-title":"Biotic ligand model of the acute toxicity of metals. 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