{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T12:09:46Z","timestamp":1775477386095,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,1]],"date-time":"2010-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1283299200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,29]],"date-time":"2010-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1272499200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["setac.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Silver (Ag) is highly toxic to aquatic organisms, including algae, invertebrate animals, and fish, but little information exists on Ag rhizotoxicity in higher plants. In two solution culture experiments with approximately 1,000\u2009\u00b5M Ca(NO3)2 and 5\u2009\u00b5M H3BO3 (pH 5.4), 20 to 80% of added Ag (\u22642\u2009\u00b5M) was lost from solution within approximately 30\u2009min, with a further decrease after 48\u2009h root growth. Using measured Ag concentrations at the start of the experiments, the median effective concentration (EC50) for root elongation rate of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata [L.] Walp. cv. Caloona) was 0.010\u2009\u00b5M Ag in the first 4\u2009h of exposure (0.021\u2009\u00b5M in the first 8\u2009h). This demonstrates that Ag (as Ag+) is rapidly rhizotoxic to cowpea seedlings at concentrations similar to those that are toxic to freshwater biota. Rupturing of rhizodermal and outer cortical layers was evident after 48\u2009h with 0.13 to 0.57\u2009\u00b5M Ag initially in solution, being most severe at 0.13 or 0.25\u2009\u00b5M Ag. An additional experiment showed that ruptures were first evident after 20\u2009h exposure to 0.17\u2009\u00b5M Ag, with increased severity of rupturing over time. The rhizotoxic effects of Ag are similar to those of some other trace metals (e.g., Cu, Al, La) that bind strongly to hard ligands and weakly to soft ligands. The similarity of rupturing effects, despite the difference in strong binding to soft ligands by Ag and to hard ligands by the other metals, suggests a distinctive metabolic effect of Ag that binds only weakly to hard ligands. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:2072\u20132078. \u00a9 2010 SETAC<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.236","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,30]],"date-time":"2010-04-30T20:02:08Z","timestamp":1272657728000},"page":"2072-2078","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Rhizotoxic effects of silver in cowpea seedlings"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"F. Pax C.","family":"Blamey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia"},{"name":"School of Land, Crop and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter M.","family":"Kopittke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia"},{"name":"School of Land, Crop and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. 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