{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T16:38:26Z","timestamp":1761323906784,"version":"3.32.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,21]],"date-time":"2013-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1382313600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,20]],"date-time":"2013-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1387497600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":60,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"International Lead Zinc Research Organization"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100031687","name":"International Lead Association","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100031687","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Scientific Research-Flanders","award":["3G046012W"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3G046012W"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["setac.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>\u2003<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>While it is increasingly being recognized that biotic ligand models (BLMs) are valuable in the risk assessment of metals in aquatic systems, the development of chronic BLMs has been less advanced for lead than for other metals. The authors investigated the univariate effects of Ca and pH on the chronic reproductive toxicity of Pb to Ceriodaphnia dubia at 4 levels. Calcium influenced chronic Pb toxicity to C. dubia only to a relatively small extent, whereas a high pH (8.2) provided strong protection against Pb toxicity (compared with lower pH levels). Based on this data set, a chronic Pb BLM for C. dubia was developed. The effect of pH was modeled as a single biotic ligand site competition by H+ with a log stability constant for binding of H+ to the biotic ligand (KHBL) of 7.6, while no other competitive constants were needed. The developed BLM was shown, in an independent validation with 3 other data sets, to be capable of predicting chronic Pb toxicity to different clones of C. dubia by an error of less than a factor of 2 in most synthetic and natural waters considered. The results add to the growing evidence that BLM\u2013based risk assessment or water-quality criteria for Pb are likely to be more appropriate relative to hardness-based assessments or criteria. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:394\u2013403. \u00a9 2013 SETAC<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.2433","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,21]],"date-time":"2013-10-21T11:46:58Z","timestamp":1382356018000},"page":"394-403","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Development and validation of a biotic ligand model for predicting chronic toxicity of lead to <i>Ceriodaphnia dubia<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Nys","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic EcologyGhent University Ghent Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Colin R.","family":"Janssen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic EcologyGhent University Ghent Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edward M.","family":"Mager","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Marine Biology and FisheriesUniversity of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science Miami Florida USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Esbaugh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Marine Biology and FisheriesUniversity of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science Miami Florida USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kevin V.","family":"Brix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Marine Biology and FisheriesUniversity of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science Miami Florida USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Grosell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Marine Biology and FisheriesUniversity of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science Miami Florida USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William A.","family":"Stubblefield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parametrix Albany Oregon USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keith","family":"Holtze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AquaTox Testing & Consulting Guelph Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karel A.C.","family":"De Schamphelaere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic EcologyGhent University Ghent Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025010315594549200_etc2433-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1897\/04-654R.1","article-title":"Chronic toxicity of lead to three freshwater invertebrates\u2014Brachionus calyciflorus, Chironomus tentans, and Lymnaea stagnalis","volume":"25","author":"Grosell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Chem"},{"key":"2025010315594549200_etc2433-bib-0002","first-page":"423","article-title":"Multi-linear regression analysis, preliminary biotic ligand modeling, and cross species comparison of the effects of water chemistry on chronic lead toxicity in invertebrates","volume":"155","author":"Esbaugh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol C"},{"key":"2025010315594549200_etc2433-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2010.11.005","article-title":"Effects of water chemistry on the chronic toxicity of lead to the cladoceran, Ceriodaphnia dubia","volume":"74","author":"Mager","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ecotox Environ Saf"},{"key":"2025010315594549200_etc2433-bib-0004","first-page":"82","article-title":"Influences of water chemistry on the acute toxicity of lead to Pimephales promelas and Ceriodaphnia dubia","volume":"153","author":"Mager","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol C"},{"key":"2025010315594549200_etc2433-bib-0005","first-page":"473","article-title":"Influence of Ca, humic acid and pH on lead accumulation and toxicity in the fathead minnow during prolonged water-borne lead exposure","volume":"143","author":"Grosell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol C"},{"key":"2025010315594549200_etc2433-bib-0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2383","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5620201034","article-title":"Biotic ligand model of the acute toxicity of metals. 1. 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