{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T08:59:29Z","timestamp":1790758769173,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,11]],"date-time":"2015-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1426032000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,9]],"date-time":"2015-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1433808000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":90,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009933","name":"New Zealand Department of Conservation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009933","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["setac.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>\u2003<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Reptiles have been understudied in ecotoxicology, which limits consideration in ecological risk assessments. The goals of the present study were 3-fold: to improve oral and dermal dosing methodologies for reptiles, to generate reptile toxicity data for pesticides, and to correlate reptile and avian toxicity. The authors first assessed the toxicity of different dosing vehicles: 100\u2009\u03bcL of water, propylene glycol, and acetone were not toxic. The authors then assessed the oral and dermal toxicity of 4 pesticides following the up-and-down procedure. Neither brodifacoum nor chlorothalonil caused mortality at doses \u2264\u20091750\u2009\u03bcg\/g. Under the \u201cneat pesticide\u201d oral exposure, endosulfan (median lethal dose [LD50]\u2009=\u20099.8 \u03bcg\/g) was more toxic than \u03bb-cyhalothrin (LD50\u2009=\u2009916.5\u2009\u03bcg\/g). Neither chemical was toxic via dermal exposure. An acetone dosing vehicle increased \u03bb-cyhalothrin toxicity (oral LD50\u2009=\u20099.8\u2009\u03bcg\/g; dermal LD50\u2009=\u200917.5\u2009\u03bcg\/g), but not endosulfan. Finally, changes in dosing method and husbandry significantly increased dermal \u03bb-cyhalothrin LD50s, which highlights the importance of standardized methods. The authors combined data from the present study with other reptile LD50s to correlate with available avian data. When only definitive LD50s were used in the analysis, a strong correlation was found between avian and reptile toxicity. The results suggest it is possible to build predictive relationships between avian and reptile LD50s. More research is needed, however, to understand trends associated with chemical classes and modes of action. Environ Toxicol Chem 2015;34:1778\u20131786. \u00a9 2015 SETAC<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.2975","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,11]],"date-time":"2015-03-11T11:22:44Z","timestamp":1426072964000},"page":"1778-1786","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Improving reptile ecological risk assessment: Oral and dermal toxicity of pesticides to a common lizard species (<i>Sceloporus occidentalis<\/i>)"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Scott M.","family":"Weir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas Tech UniversityDepartment of Environmental Toxicology Lubbock Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuangying","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas Tech UniversityDepartment of Environmental Toxicology Lubbock Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Larry G.","family":"Talent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oklahoma State UniversityDepartment of Natural Resource Ecology and Management Stillwater Oklahoma USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan D.","family":"Maul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas Tech UniversityDepartment of Environmental Toxicology Lubbock Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Todd A.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas Tech UniversityDepartment of Environmental Toxicology Lubbock Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher J.","family":"Salice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas Tech UniversityDepartment of Environmental Toxicology Lubbock Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025010315563536800_etc2975-bib-0001","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Ecotoxicology of Amphibians and Reptiles. SETAC, Pensacola, FL, USA","author":"Sparling","year":"2000"},{"key":"2025010315563536800_etc2975-bib-0002","first-page":"39","article-title":"Lizard contaminant data for ecological risk assessment","volume":"165","author":"Campbell","year":"2000","journal-title":"Rev Environ Contam Toxicol"},{"key":"2025010315563536800_etc2975-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2391","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5620191001","article-title":"Reptile toxicology: Challenges and opportunities on the last frontier in vertebrate ecotoxicology","volume":"19","author":"Hopkins","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Chem"},{"key":"2025010315563536800_etc2975-bib-0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1201\/EBK1420064162","volume-title":"Ecotoxicology of Amphibians and Reptiles,","author":"Sparling","year":"2010","edition":"2nd ed"},{"key":"2025010315563536800_etc2975-bib-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1641\/0006-3568(2000)050[0653:TGDORD]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The global decline of reptiles, d\u00e9j\u00e0 vu amphibians","volume":"50","author":"Gibbons","year":"2000","journal-title":"Bioscience"},{"key":"2025010315563536800_etc2975-bib-0006","first-page":"793","volume-title":"Ecotoxicology of Amphibians and Reptiles","author":"Meyers-Sch\u00f6ne","year":"2000"},{"key":"2025010315563536800_etc2975-bib-0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1071\/WR97035","article-title":"The oral and dermal toxicity of selected chemicals to brown tree snakes (Boiga irregularis)","volume":"25","author":"Brooks","year":"1998","journal-title":"Wildl Res"},{"key":"2025010315563536800_etc2975-bib-0008","first-page":"33","article-title":"Toxicity of pyrethrin\/pyrethroid fogger products to brown tree snakes Boiga irregularis in cargo containers","volume":"28","author":"Brooks","year":"1998","journal-title":"The Snake"},{"key":"2025010315563536800_etc2975-bib-0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1006\/jare.2001.0848","article-title":"An evaluation of the effects of deltamethrin on 2 non-target lizard species in the Karoo, South Africa","volume":"50","author":"Alexander","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Arid Environ"},{"key":"2025010315563536800_etc2975-bib-0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3113","DOI":"10.1897\/05-053R.1","article-title":"Effect of temperature on toxicity of a natural pyrethrin pesticide to green anole lizards (Anolis carolinensis)","volume":"24","author":"Talent","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Chem"},{"key":"2025010315563536800_etc2975-bib-0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/0143-1471(82)90044-7","article-title":"Responses of the iguanid lizards Anolis carolinensis to four organophosphorous pesticides","volume":"28","author":"Hall","year":"1982","journal-title":"Environ Pollut Series A, Ecological and Biological"},{"key":"2025010315563536800_etc2975-bib-0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00203760","article-title":"Histopathological investigations of the effects of malathion on dwarf lizards (Lacertaparva, Boulenger 1887)","volume":"55","author":"\u00d6zelmas","year":"1995","journal-title":"Bull Environ Contam Toxicol"},{"key":"2025010315563536800_etc2975-bib-0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1897\/07-149R.1","article-title":"Dose-related effects following oral exposure of 2,4-dinitrotoluene on the Western fence lizard, Sceloporus occidentalis","volume":"27","author":"Suski","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Chem"},{"key":"2025010315563536800_etc2975-bib-0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2009.06.013","article-title":"Effects of inorganic lead on Western fence lizards (Sceloporus occidentalis)","volume":"157","author":"Salice","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"2025010315563536800_etc2975-bib-0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2010.08.011","article-title":"Ecological risk of anthropogenic pollutants to reptiles: Evaluating assumptions of sensitivity and exposure","volume":"158","author":"Weir","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"2025010315563536800_etc2975-bib-0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nutr.19.1.247","article-title":"Energetics of free-ranging mammals, reptiles, and birds","volume":"19","author":"Nagy","year":"1999","journal-title":"Annu Rev Nutr"},{"key":"2025010315563536800_etc2975-bib-0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2012.05.010","article-title":"A comprehensive re-analysis of pesticide dermal toxicity data in birds in comparison with the rat","volume":"34","author":"Mineau","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Pharmacol"},{"key":"2025010315563536800_etc2975-bib-0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.2149","article-title":"Comparative acute and chronic sensitivity of fish and amphibians: A critical review of data","volume":"32","author":"Weltje","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Chem"},{"key":"2025010315563536800_etc2975-bib-0019","first-page":"899","article-title":"Evaluation of Western fence lizard (Sceloporus occidentalis) and Eastern fence lizard (Sceloporus undulatus) as laboratory reptile models for toxicological investigations","volume":"21","author":"Talent","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Chem"},{"key":"2025010315563536800_etc2975-bib-0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2006.12.025","article-title":"Impaired terrestrial and arboreal locomotor performance in the Western fence lizard (Sceloporus occidentalis) after exposure to an AChE-inhibiting pesticide","volume":"149","author":"DuRant","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"2025010315563536800_etc2975-bib-0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-0590(85)90059-4","article-title":"An up-and-down procedure for acute toxicity testing","volume":"5","author":"Bruce","year":"1985","journal-title":"Fund Appl Toxicol"},{"key":"2025010315563536800_etc2975-bib-0022","author":"Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.","year":"2008"},{"key":"2025010315563536800_etc2975-bib-0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-6915(94)00136-C","article-title":"Comparison of the up-and-down, conventional LD50, and fixed-dose acute toxicity procedures","volume":"33","author":"Lipnick","year":"1995","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol"},{"key":"2025010315563536800_etc2975-bib-0024","first-page":"182","article-title":"On judging the significance of differences by examining the overlap between confidence intervals","volume":"55","author":"Schenker","year":"2001","journal-title":"Amstat"},{"key":"2025010315563536800_etc2975-bib-0025","author":"R Development Core Team.","year":"2012"},{"key":"2025010315563536800_etc2975-bib-0026","author":"US Department of Agriculture.","year":"2013"},{"key":"2025010315563536800_etc2975-bib-0027","author":"Eisemann","year":"2006"},{"key":"2025010315563536800_etc2975-bib-0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-483X(79)80016-5","article-title":"Pharmacology, toxicology, and degradation of endosulfan. A review","volume":"13","author":"Gupta","year":"1979","journal-title":"Toxicol"},{"key":"2025010315563536800_etc2975-bib-0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1870","DOI":"10.1897\/01-454","article-title":"Quantitative structure-activity relationships for predicting percutaneous absorption rates","volume":"22","author":"Walker","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Chem"},{"key":"2025010315563536800_etc2975-bib-0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-409X(00)00129-0","article-title":"Experimental and computational approaches to estimate solubility and permeability in drug discovery and development settings","volume":"46","author":"Lipinski","year":"2001","journal-title":"Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews"},{"key":"2025010315563536800_etc2975-bib-0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2615","DOI":"10.1021\/jm020017n","article-title":"Molecular properties that influence oral bioavailability of drug candidates","volume":"45","author":"Veber","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Med Chem"},{"key":"2025010315563536800_etc2975-bib-0032","author":"US Environmental Protection Agency.","year":"2006"},{"key":"2025010315563536800_etc2975-bib-0033","author":"European Chemicals Agency.","year":"2014"},{"key":"2025010315563536800_etc2975-bib-0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2005.09.008","article-title":"Acute and chronic effects of carrier solvents in aquatic organisms: A critical review","volume":"76","author":"Hutchinson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aquat Toxicol"},{"key":"2025010315563536800_etc2975-bib-0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2005.07.063","article-title":"Solvent toxicity to amphibian embryos and larvae","volume":"63","author":"Marquis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2025010315563536800_etc2975-bib-0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/0038-0717(69)90033-9","article-title":"The accumulation and loss of organochlorine insecticide residues by beetles, worms and slugs in sprayed fields","volume":"1","author":"Davis","year":"1969","journal-title":"Soil Biol Biochem"},{"key":"2025010315563536800_etc2975-bib-0037","first-page":"153","article-title":"Some practical applications of percutaneous absorption theory","volume":"12","author":"Wurster","year":"1972","journal-title":"Advances in the Biology of Skin"},{"key":"2025010315563536800_etc2975-bib-0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/76.2.243","article-title":"Temperature-toxicity relationships of pyrethroids on Heliothis virescens (F) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)","volume":"76","author":"Sparks","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Econ Entomol"},{"key":"2025010315563536800_etc2975-bib-0039","author":"US Environmental Protection Agency.","year":"1998"},{"key":"2025010315563536800_etc2975-bib-0040","first-page":"171","article-title":"The influence of some solvents on skin penetration in vivo","volume":"41","author":"Brown","year":"1971","journal-title":"Acta Facultatis Medicae Universitatis Brunensis"},{"key":"2025010315563536800_etc2975-bib-0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1007\/s00244-007-9116-z","article-title":"Morphological and functional changes in the thyroid gland of methyl thiophanate-injected lizards","volume":"55","author":"Sciarrillo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Environ Contam Toxicol"},{"key":"2025010315563536800_etc2975-bib-0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1071\/ZO9890617","article-title":"Comparative metabolism of, and sensitivity to, fluoroacetate in geographically separated populations of Tiliqua rugosa (Gray) (Scincidae)","volume":"37","author":"Twigg","year":"1990","journal-title":"Aust J Zool"}],"container-title":["Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fetc.2975","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/etc.2975","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/etc.2975","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/etc\/article-pdf\/34\/8\/1778\/60113112\/etc2975.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/etc\/article-pdf\/34\/8\/1778\/60113112\/etc2975.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]],"date-time":"2025-01-03T16:18:22Z","timestamp":1735921102000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/etc\/article\/34\/8\/1778\/7761652"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,11]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,11]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,11]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/etc.2975","relation":{},"ISSN":["0730-7268","1552-8618"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0730-7268","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-8618","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2014-12-19","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2015-03-09","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2015-06-09","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}