{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T21:07:45Z","timestamp":1788037665913,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,18]],"date-time":"2015-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1437177600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,30]],"date-time":"2015-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1438214400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":12,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["setac.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>\u2003<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Because of their natural origin, biopesticides are assumed to be less harmful to beneficial insects, including bees, and therefore their use has been widely encouraged for crop protection. There is little evidence, however, to support this ingrained notion of biopesticide safety to pollinators. Because larval exposure is still largely unexplored in ecotoxicology and risk assessment on bees, an investigation was performed on the lethal and sublethal effects of a diet treated with 2 bioinsecticides, azadirachtin and spinosad, on the stingless bee, Melipona quadrifasciata, which is one of the most important pollinators in the Neotropics. Survival of stingless bee larvae was significantly compromised at doses above 210\u2009ng a.i.\/bee for azadirachtin and 114\u2009ng a.i.\/bee for spinosad. No sublethal effect was observed on larvae developmental time, but doses of both compounds negatively affected pupal body mass. Azadirachtin produced deformed pupae and adults as a result of its insect growth regulator properties, but spinosad was more harmful and produced greater numbers of deformed individuals. Only spinosad compromised walking activity of the adult workers at doses as low as 2.29\u2009ng a.i.\/bee, which is 1\/5000 of the maximum field recommended rate. In conclusion, the results demonstrated that bioinsecticides can pose significant risks to native pollinators with lethal and sublethal effects; future investigations are needed on the likelihood of such effects under field conditions. Environ Toxicol Chem 2015;34:2149\u20132158. \u00a9 2015 SETAC<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.3053","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,18]],"date-time":"2015-07-18T12:06:03Z","timestamp":1437221163000},"page":"2149-2158","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":68,"title":["Biopesticide-induced behavioral and morphological alterations in the stingless bee <i>Melipona quadrifasciata<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Wagner F.","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Crop ProtectionFaculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent University Ghent Belgium"},{"name":"Departamento de EntomologiaUniversidade Federal de Vi\u00e7osa Vi\u00e7osa Minas Gerais Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hudson Vaner V.","family":"Tom\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de EntomologiaUniversidade Federal de Vi\u00e7osa Vi\u00e7osa Minas Gerais Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodrigo C.","family":"Bernardes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biologia AnimalUniversidade Federal de Vi\u00e7osa Vi\u00e7osa Minas Gerais Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Augusta L.","family":"Siqueira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biologia AnimalUniversidade Federal de Vi\u00e7osa Vi\u00e7osa Minas Gerais Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guy","family":"Smagghe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Crop ProtectionFaculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent University Ghent Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raul Narciso C.","family":"Guedes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de EntomologiaUniversidade Federal de Vi\u00e7osa Vi\u00e7osa Minas Gerais Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025010316061549200_etc3053-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.baae.2009.11.007","article-title":"Impacts of a pesticide on pollinator species richness at different spatial scales","volume":"11","author":"Brittain","year":"2010","journal-title":"Basic Appl Ecol"},{"key":"2025010316061549200_etc3053-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1051\/apido\/2010018","article-title":"Pesticides and honey bee toxicity\u2014USA","volume":"41","author":"Johnson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Apidologie"},{"key":"2025010316061549200_etc3053-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.12188","article-title":"Chronic sublethal stress causes bee colony failure","volume":"16","author":"Bryden","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecol Lett"},{"key":"2025010316061549200_etc3053-bib-0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1051\/apido\/2009012","article-title":"Diversity, threats and conservation of native bees in the Neotropics","volume":"40","author":"Freitas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Apidologie"},{"key":"2025010316061549200_etc3053-bib-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1185563","article-title":"Ecology. 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