{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T11:16:40Z","timestamp":1790335000210,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,10]],"date-time":"2015-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1441843200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,22]],"date-time":"2015-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1450742400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":103,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Brazilian Agency for Science and Technology"},{"name":"Brazilian Agency for Science and Technology"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["setac.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>\u2003<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of diclofenac and dexamethasone on hematological parameters and immune response in the fish species Hoplias malabaricus after trophic exposure. Fish were fed twice every week with Astyanax sp., which were given an intraperitoneal inoculation with diclofenac (0\u2009\u03bcg\/kg, 0.2\u2009\u03bcg\/kg, 2.0\u2009\u03bcg\/kg, or 20.0\u2009\u03bcg\/kg) or dexamethasone (0.03\u2009\u03bcg\/kg, 0.3\u2009\u03bcg\/kg, or 3.0\u2009\u03bcg\/kg). After 12 doses, the hematological parameters and lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide production by head kidney monocytic lineage were evaluated. Exposed fish also received 1\u2009mg\/kg of carrageenan intraperitoneal, and cell migration to the peritoneal cavity was evaluated after 4\u2009h. Diclofenac and dexamethasone altered the red blood cell count, as well as hematocrit and hemoglobin levels. The total blood leukocyte count decreased in all groups. A significantly reduced carrageenan-induced leukocyte migration to the peritoneal cavity, particularly of polymorphonuclear cells, was observed at all tested doses, suggesting a possible immunosuppressive effect. The basal nitric oxide synthesis of head kidney cell cultures was reduced at the highest dose of diclofenac and was increased at the highest dose of dexamethasone. The lipopolysaccharide-stimulated nitric oxide production was reduced in all treatments, thus corroborating the immunosuppressive effect. Although some fish responses were variable for different drugs, the results suggested that trophic exposure to diclofenac and dexamethasone can lead to hematological changes and immunotoxic effects, causing negative impacts in aquatic organisms. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:975\u2013982. \u00a9 2015 SETAC<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.3240","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,10]],"date-time":"2015-09-10T12:18:10Z","timestamp":1441887490000},"page":"975-982","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Effects of trophic exposure to diclofenac and dexamethasone on hematological parameters and immune response in freshwater fish"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Luiz Coelho","family":"Ribas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of PharmacologyFederal University of Parana Curitiba-Parana Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksander R.","family":"Zampronio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of PharmacologyFederal University of Parana Curitiba-Parana Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helena C.","family":"Silva de Assis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of PharmacologyFederal University of Parana Curitiba-Parana Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025010315223377600_etc3240-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2013.01.025","article-title":"Diclofenac-induced oxidative stress in brain, liver, gill and blood of common carp (Cyprinus carpio)","volume":"92","author":"Islas-Flores","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecotox Environ Saf"},{"key":"2025010315223377600_etc3240-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/645737","article-title":"Effects of subchronic exposure of diclofenac on growth, histopathological changes, and oxidative stress in zebrafish (Danio rerio)","volume":"2014","author":"Praskova","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci World J"},{"key":"2025010315223377600_etc3240-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3462","DOI":"10.1021\/es062746o","article-title":"Occurrence of natural and synthetic glucocorticoids in sewage treatment plants and receiving river waters","volume":"41","author":"Chang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"2025010315223377600_etc3240-bib-0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2012.02.005","article-title":"Effects of ibuprofen on hematological, biochemical and enzymological parameters of blood in an Indian major carp, Cirrhinus mrigala","volume":"34","author":"Saravanan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Pharmacol"},{"key":"2025010315223377600_etc3240-bib-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfp064","article-title":"High doses of intravenously administered titanium dioxide nanoparticles accumulate in the kidneys of rainbow trout but with no observable impairment of renal function","volume":"109","author":"Scown","year":"2009","journal-title":"Toxicol Sci"},{"key":"2025010315223377600_etc3240-bib-0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2005.09.009","article-title":"Ecotoxicology of human pharmaceuticals","volume":"76","author":"Fent","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aquat Toxicol"},{"key":"2025010315223377600_etc3240-bib-0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1006\/fsim.2000.0305","article-title":"Characterization of growth enhancing factor production in different phases of in vitro fish macrophage development","volume":"11","author":"Barreda","year":"2001","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol"},{"key":"2025010315223377600_etc3240-bib-0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.01.012","article-title":"Hematologic and hepatic responses of the freshwater fish Hoplias malabaricus after saxitoxin exposure","volume":"66","author":"Silva de Assis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"2025010315223377600_etc3240-bib-0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2014.11.020","article-title":"Effects of trophic exposure to dexamethasone and diclofenac in freshwater fish","volume":"114","author":"Guiloski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecotox Environ Saf"},{"key":"2025010315223377600_etc3240-bib-0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.2068","article-title":"Relative importance of direct and trophic uranium exposure in the crayfish Orconectes limosus: Implication for predicting uranium bioaccumulation and its associated toxicity","volume":"32","author":"Simon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Chem"},{"key":"2025010315223377600_etc3240-bib-0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2004.03.014","article-title":"Toxic effects of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac. 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