{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T21:12:34Z","timestamp":1789765954899,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,23]],"date-time":"2016-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1471910400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,6]],"date-time":"2016-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1473120000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":14,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["setac.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>\u2003<\/jats:title><jats:p>A phototoxic target lipid model (PTLM) is developed to predict phototoxicity of individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) measured either as median lethal concentration (LC50) or median lethal time (LT50) for a 50% toxic response. The model is able to account for the differences in the physical\/chemical properties of PAHs, test species sensitivities, and variations in light source characteristics, intensity, and length of exposure. The PTLM is based on the narcotic target lipid model (NTLM) of PAHs. Both models rely on the assumption that mortality occurs when the toxicant concentration in the target lipid of the organism reaches a threshold concentration. The PTLM is applied to observed LC50s and LT50s for 20 individual PAHs, 15 test species\u2014including arthropods, fishes, amphibians, annelids, mollusks, and algae\u2014exposed to simulated solar and various UV light sources, for exposure times varying from less than 1\u2009h to 100\u2009h, a total of 333 observations. The LC50 concentrations range from less than 0.1\u2009\u00b5g\/L to greater that 104\u2009\u00b5g\/L. The model has 2 fitting parameters that are constant and apply to all PAHs and organisms. The root mean square errors of prediction for log(LC50) and log(LT50) are 0.473 and 0.382, respectively. The results indicate that the PTLM can predict the phototoxicity of single PAHs over a wide range of exposure conditions and to organisms with a wide range of sensitivities. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:926\u2013937. \u00a9 2016 SETAC<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.3601","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,23]],"date-time":"2016-08-23T20:16:51Z","timestamp":1471983411000},"page":"926-937","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Phototoxic target lipid model of single polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Solmaz","family":"Marzooghi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringUniversity of Delaware Newark Delaware USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bryson E.","family":"Finch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Molecular ToxicologyOregon State University Corvallis Oregon USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William A.","family":"Stubblefield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Molecular ToxicologyOregon State University Corvallis Oregon USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olga","family":"Dmitrenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of Delaware Newark Delaware USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharon L.","family":"Neal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of Delaware Newark Delaware USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominic M.","family":"Di Toro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringUniversity of Delaware Newark Delaware USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025010315071802200_etc3601-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)84845-X","article-title":"Ultra-violet light and skin cancer","volume":"212","author":"Findlay","year":"1928","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2025010315071802200_etc3601-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1038\/140588a0","article-title":"Sensitization of the skin of mice to light by carcinogenic agents","volume":"140","author":"Doniach","year":"1937","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2025010315071802200_etc3601-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)86927-5","article-title":"The photodynamic action of carcinogenic agents","volume":"231","author":"Mottram","year":"1938","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2025010315071802200_etc3601-bib-0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1006\/eesa.1996.0001","article-title":"The effects of near ultraviolet radiation on the toxic effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in animals and plants: A review","volume":"33","author":"Arfsten","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"key":"2025010315071802200_etc3601-bib-0005","first-page":"219","volume-title":"UV Effects in Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems","author":"Diamond","year":"2003"},{"key":"2025010315071802200_etc3601-bib-0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.2211","article-title":"Photo-enhanced toxicity: Serendipity of a prepared mind and flexible program management","volume":"32","author":"Giesy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Chem"},{"key":"2025010315071802200_etc3601-bib-0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.1977.tb07422.x","article-title":"The photodynamic immobilization of Artemia salina nauplii by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and its relationship to carcinogenic activity","volume":"25","author":"Morgan","year":"1977","journal-title":"Photochem Photobiol"},{"key":"2025010315071802200_etc3601-bib-0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1897\/1552-8618(1987)6[445:PMFPAT]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Predictive models for photoinduced acute toxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to Daphnia magna, Strauss (Cladocera, Crustacea)","volume":"6","author":"Newsted","year":"1987","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Chem"},{"key":"2025010315071802200_etc3601-bib-0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1016\/0045-6535(87)90079-8","article-title":"The photo-induced toxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to larvae of the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas)","volume":"16","author":"Oris","year":"1987","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2025010315071802200_etc3601-bib-0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/0045-6535(94)90299-2","article-title":"QSARs for photoinduced toxicity: I. 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