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Specifically, the estrogenic effects in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) pulse-exposed to 11 different mill effluent extracts (intraperitoneal injections of solid-phase extraction\u2013dichloromethane nonpolar fraction). The results indicated that effluent extracts were estrogenic in juvenile trout irrespective of the gender, as reflected by increasing level of plasma vitellogenin (VTG; Brazil\u2009&amp;gt;\u2009New Zealand\u2009&amp;gt;\u2009Canada). Despite the high variability observed among mills, differences in VTG levels were related to the type of mill process (kraft\u2009&amp;gt;\u2009elementary chlorine-free kraft\u2009&amp;gt;\u2009thermomechanical pulping). Moreover, effluent treatments did not appear to significantly decrease VTG induction. A consistent estrogenic effect was observed in those mills that process a combination of feedstocks (softwood and hardwood), with the highest increase in VTG related to eucalyptus feedstock. The results demonstrate significant estrogenic effects of pulp mill effluents on chronically exposed juvenile trout, suggesting that in vivo metabolic activation of precursors is necessary to cause the observed increases in VTG levels. This molecular estrogenic response provides a useful starting point for predicting population-level impacts through the adverse outcome pathway methodology. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:1547\u20131555. \u00a9 2016 SETAC<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.3675","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,3]],"date-time":"2016-11-03T10:58:53Z","timestamp":1478170733000},"page":"1547-1555","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Evaluating the potential of effluent extracts from pulp and paper mills in Canada, Brazil, and New Zealand to affect fish reproduction: Estrogenic effects in fish"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Orrego","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Ontario Institute of Technology Oshawa Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Faculty of Marine Sciences and Biological ResourcesNatural Science Institute Alexander von HumboldtUniversity of Antofagasta Antofagasta Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Craig B.","family":"Milestone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aquatic Ecosystem Protection Research DivisionEnvironment and Climate Change Canada Burlington Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L. 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