{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T21:37:23Z","timestamp":1789508243067,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,20]],"date-time":"2017-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1497916800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,18]],"date-time":"2017-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1508284800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":120,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006120","name":"Ministry of the Environment, Japan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006120","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006120","name":"Ministry of the Environment","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006120","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["setac.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>\u2003<\/jats:title><jats:p>The medaka extended one-generation test (MEOGRT) was developed as a multigenerational toxicity test for chemicals, particularly endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Briefly, 3 generations of Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) are exposed to a chemical over a 20-wk period: 3 wk in the parental generation (F0), 15 wk in the first generation (F1), and 2 wk in the second generation (F2). The present study reports the first MEOGRT results concerning branched isomer mixtures of 4-nonylphenol (NP). Adult F0 medaka exposed to NP at 5 actual concentrations (1.27, 2.95, 9.81, 27.8, 89.4\u2009\u00b5g\/L) were unaffected in terms of reproduction, although vitellogenin in the male liver was increased dose-dependently at concentration of 2.95\u2009\u00b5g\/L and higher. In F1, in contrast, total egg (fecundity), fertile egg, and fertility decreased as NP increased; lowest-observed-effect concentrations (LOECs) for total egg, fertile egg, and fertility were 1.27, 1.27, 27.8\u2009\u00b5g\/L, respectively. In F1, but not in F0, secondary sex characteristics (i.e., anal fin papillae in males) were suppressed at 27.8\u2009\u00b5g\/L NP. Vitellogenin induction in adult male fish was slightly weaker in F1 than it was in F0, however. Gonadal sex abnormality and sex reversal occurred at 27.8 and 89.4\u2009\u00b5g\/L NP in F1 subadults. At 89.4\u2009\u00b5g\/L NP, all genotypic F1 males in breeding pairs had female phenotype, and some even demonstrated spawning. Concentrations of NP lower than 89.4\u2009\u00b5g\/L did not affect F2 survival or hatching. The highest detected NP level in environmental freshwater in Japan was approximately a half of the LOEC (1.27\u2009\u00b5g\/L for F1 fecundity); in other countries, however, environmental concentrations above the LOEC are reported, suggesting that NP may be affecting fish populations. 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