{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T10:58:17Z","timestamp":1790420297399,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,28]],"date-time":"2017-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1509148800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,28]],"date-time":"2017-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514419200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":61,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["setac.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>\u2003<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Aluminum (Al) toxicity to aquatic organisms is strongly affected by water chemistry. Toxicity-modifying factors such as pH, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), hardness, and temperature have a large impact on the bioavailability and toxicity of Al to aquatic organisms. The importance of water chemistry on the bioavailability and toxicity of Al suggests that interactions between Al and chemical constituents in exposures to aquatic organisms can affect the form and reactivity of Al, thereby altering the extent to which it interacts with biological membranes. These types of interactions have previously been observed in the toxicity data for other metals, which have been well described by the biotic ligand model (BLM) framework. In BLM applications to other metals (including cadmium, cobalt, copper, lead, nickel, silver, and zinc), these interactions have focused on dissolved metal. A review of Al toxicity data shows that concentrations of Al that cause toxicity are frequently in excess of solubility limitations. Aluminum solubility is strongly pH dependent, with a solubility minimum near pH 6 and increasing at both lower and higher pH values. For the Al BLM, the mechanistic framework has been extended to consider toxicity resulting from a combination of dissolved and precipitated Al to recognize the solubility limitation. The resulting model can effectively predict toxicity to fish, invertebrates, and algae over a wide range of conditions. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:70\u201379. \u00a9 2017 SETAC<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.4020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,28]],"date-time":"2017-10-28T12:56:41Z","timestamp":1509195401000},"page":"70-79","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["Development and application of a biotic ligand model for predicting the chronic toxicity of dissolved and precipitated aluminum to aquatic organisms"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Robert C.","family":"Santore","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Windward Environmental Syracuse New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam C.","family":"Ryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Windward Environmental Syracuse New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frode","family":"Kroglund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NIVA Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricio H.","family":"Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Adolfo Iba\u00f1ezSantiago Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William A.","family":"Stubblefield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oregon State University Corvallis Oregon USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1057-9445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Allison S.","family":"Cardwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oregon State University Corvallis Oregon USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7937-7852","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William J.","family":"Adams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rio TintoSouth Jordan Utah USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eirik","family":"Nordheim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Aluminium AssociationBrussels Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025010314462335600_etc4020-bib-0001","first-page":"363\u2013","volume-title":"The Environmental Chemistry of Aluminum","author":"Driscoll","year":"1996"},{"key":"2025010314462335600_etc4020-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0162-0134(03)00274-5","article-title":"A biogeochemical cycle for aluminum","volume":"97","author":"Exley","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Inorg Biochem"},{"key":"2025010314462335600_etc4020-bib-0003","volume-title":"The Environmental Chemistry of Aluminum","author":"Sposito","year":"1996","edition":"2nd"},{"key":"2025010314462335600_etc4020-bib-0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1071\/EN15029","article-title":"Geochemical controls on aluminium concentrations in coastal waters","volume":"13","author":"Angel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ Chem"},{"key":"2025010314462335600_etc4020-bib-0005","first-page":"333\u2013","volume-title":"The Environmental Chemistry of Aluminum","author":"Lindsay","year":"1996"},{"key":"2025010314462335600_etc4020-bib-0006","volume-title":"Principles and Applications of Aquatic Chemistry","author":"Morel","year":"1993"},{"key":"2025010314462335600_etc4020-bib-0007","volume-title":"The Environmental Chemistry of Aluminum","author":"Nordstrom","year":"1996"},{"key":"2025010314462335600_etc4020-bib-0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1126\/science.256.5064.1667","article-title":"Soluble aluminum silicates: Stoichiometry, stability and implications for environmental geochemistry","volume":"256","author":"Browne","year":"1992","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2025010314462335600_etc4020-bib-0009","author":"Browne","year":"1988"},{"key":"2025010314462335600_etc4020-bib-0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1038\/338146a0","article-title":"Acute toxicity of aluminum to fish eliminated in silicon-rich acid waters","volume":"338","author":"Birchall","year":"1989","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2025010314462335600_etc4020-bib-0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3331","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7037(94)90088-4","article-title":"An assessment of complex formation between aluminum and silicic acid in acidic solutions","volume":"58","author":"Farmer","year":"1994","journal-title":"Geochim Cosmochim Acta"},{"key":"2025010314462335600_etc4020-bib-0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7037(95)00020-8","article-title":"Reply to the comment by C. 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