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The physical effects associated with the transition from closed to open state, specifically water mixing and sediment resuspension, often indirectly worsen water quality conditions and are suspected to drive near-annual fish kills at the Pescadero estuary in northern California. The effects of sediment acid-volatile sulfide (AVS) oxidation, specifically oxygen depletion, acidification, and metal release, are believed to aggravate water conditions for fish but remain poorly understood. We performed slurry incubations containing sediment from 4 sites in the Pescadero estuary, representing a gradient from the Pacific Ocean to freshwater tributaries. We measured near-maximum rates of aqueous hydrogen sulfide oxidation, sediment AVS oxidation, sulfate production, and acidification, as well as near-maximum release rates of iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) to the water column. We estimated AVS oxidation rates of 8 to 21\u2009mmol\u2009S\u2009kg\u22121 \u2009d\u22121, which were 3 orders of magnitude higher than aqueous hydrogen sulfide oxidation rates, 6 to 26\u2009\u03bcmol\u2009S\u2009kg\u22121 \u2009d\u22121. We suggest that aqueous hydrogen sulfide cannot be responsible for the observed kills because of low concentrations and minimal oxidative effects on pH and metal concentrations. However, the oxidative effects of AVS are potentially severe, decreasing pH to strongly acidic levels and releasing aqueous Fe, Mn, and Zn concentrations up to 11.2\u2009mM, 0.46\u2009mM, and 88\u2009\u03bcM, respectively, indicating a potential role in worsening water conditions for fish in the Pescadero estuary. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:993\u20131006. \u00a9 2017 SETAC<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.4047","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,23]],"date-time":"2017-11-23T14:28:44Z","timestamp":1511447324000},"page":"993-1006","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Effects of sediment resuspension on the oxidation of acid-volatile sulfides and release of metals (iron, manganese, zinc) in Pescadero estuary (CA, USA)"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Chandra M.","family":"Richards","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental SciencePolicy, and ManagementUniversity of California, Berkeley Berkeley California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jasper L.","family":"van Puffelen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sub-Department of Environmental TechnologyWageningen University Wageningen The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Environmental SciencePolicy, and ManagementUniversity of California, Berkeley Berkeley California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9line","family":"Pallud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental SciencePolicy, and ManagementUniversity of California, Berkeley Berkeley California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025010314575212900_etc4047-bib-0001","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Estuaries: Types, Movement Patterns and Climatical Impacts","author":"Perissinotto","year":"2010"},{"key":"2025010314575212900_etc4047-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1006\/ecss.2001.0796","article-title":"Structure and function of south-east Australian estuaries","volume":"53","author":"Roy","year":"2001","journal-title":"Estuar Coast Shelf 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