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To examine on-farm exposure to pesticides in invertebrate pollinators, we also collected bumble bees native to Canada (Bombus mixtus, Bombus flavifrons, and Bombus melanopygus), their pollen, and blueberry leaves and flowers from within conventionally sprayed and organic blueberry farms. By sites and sample type, the results reported in the present study represent pooled samples (n\u2009=\u20091). In 2015 to 2016, the combined concentration of the neonicotinoid insecticides imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, and clothianidin detected in hummingbird cloacal fluid from sites near conventionally sprayed blueberry fields was 3.63\u2009ng\/mL (ppb). Among the 18 compounds measured in fecal pellets, including one neonicotinoid (imidacloprid), only piperonyl butoxide was detected (1.47\u20135.96\u2009ng\/g). Piperonyl butoxide is a cytochrome P450 inhibitor applied with some insecticides to increase their toxic efficacy. Only diazinon was detected in bumble bees (0.197\u2009ng\/g), whereas diazinon (1.54\u20131.7\u2009ng\/g) and imidacloprid (up to 18.4\u2009ng\/g) were detected in pollen collected from bumble bees including the bees from organic sites located near conventionally sprayed blueberry farms. Imidacloprid was also detected at 5.16\u2009ng\/g in blueberry flowers collected 1 yr post spray from 1 of 6 conventionally sprayed blueberry farms. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:2143\u20132152. \u00a9 2018 SETAC<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Abstract<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p\/>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.4174","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,5]],"date-time":"2018-07-05T12:22:39Z","timestamp":1530793359000},"page":"2143-2152","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Hummingbirds and bumble bees exposed to neonicotinoid and organophosphate insecticides in the Fraser Valley, British Columbia, Canada"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Christine A.","family":"Bishop","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife Research DivisionScience and Technology BranchEnvironment and Climate Change Canada Delta British Columbia Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison J.","family":"Moran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rocky Point Bird ObservatoryHummingbird Project of British Columbia Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle C.","family":"Toshack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological SciencesSimon Fraser University Burnaby British Columbia Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Elle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological SciencesSimon Fraser University Burnaby British Columbia Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"France","family":"Maisonneuve","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health DivisionScience and Technology BranchEnvironment and Climate Change CanadaNational Water Research Centre Ottawa Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John E.","family":"Elliott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health DivisionScience and Technology BranchEnvironment and Climate Change Canada Delta British Columbia Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025010314521120100_etc4174-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4383","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.01238","article-title":"Hummingbirds arrest their kidneys at night: Diel variation in glomerular filtration rate in Selasphorus platycercus","volume":"207","author":"Bakken","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"2025010314521120100_etc4174-bib-0002","author":"Bean","year":"2017"},{"key":"2025010314521120100_etc4174-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1007\/s10646-012-0863-x","article-title":"Neonicotinoids in bees: A review on concentrations, side-effects and risk assessment","volume":"21","author":"Blacqui\u00e8re","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ecotoxicology"},{"key":"2025010314521120100_etc4174-bib-0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/tox344","article-title":"Pollen foraging differences among three managed pollinators in the highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) agroecosystem","volume":"111","author":"Bobiwash","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Econ Entomol"},{"key":"2025010314521120100_etc4174-bib-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12731","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b03459","article-title":"Neonicotinoid residues in wildflowers, a potential route of chronic exposure for bees","volume":"49","author":"Botias","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"2025010314521120100_etc4174-bib-0006","first-page":"144","article-title":"Perspective on the U.S. and global blueberry industry","volume":"61","author":"Brazelton","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Am Pom Soc"},{"key":"2025010314521120100_etc4174-bib-0007","author":"British Columbia Ministry of Agriculture.","year":"2009"},{"key":"2025010314521120100_etc4174-bib-0008","author":"British Columbia Ministry of Agriculture.","year":"2012"},{"key":"2025010314521120100_etc4174-bib-0009","author":"British Columbia Ministry of Agriculture.","year":"2017"},{"key":"2025010314521120100_etc4174-bib-0010","author":"British Columbia Ministry of Agriculture.","year":"2018"},{"key":"2025010314521120100_etc4174-bib-0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(64)90025-5","article-title":"The effect of pyrethrine synergists, especially sesamex, on the insecticidal potency of hexachlorocyclopentadiene derivatives (\u201ccyclodiene\u201d insecticides) in the housefly","volume":"13","author":"Brooks","year":"1964","journal-title":"Musca domestica L. 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