{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T05:12:07Z","timestamp":1783573927392,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,20]],"date-time":"2018-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1534723200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,6]],"date-time":"2018-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1544054400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":108,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000202","name":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Grant to the Bristol Bay Heritage Land Trust"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant to the Bristol Bay Heritage Land Trust"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000202","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000202","name":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Grant to the Bristol Bay Heritage Land Trust"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant to the Bristol Bay Heritage Land Trust"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000202","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["setac.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>\u2003<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The world-class Alaskan Bristol Bay salmon fishery and vast deposits of copper (Cu) and other metals in the watershed warrant further investigation into the potential toxicity of Cu to salmonids under the low water-hardness conditions that occur in the watershed. Therefore we investigated the acute toxicity of Cu to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) in low-hardness water (\u223c 30\u2009mg\/L as CaCO3) formulated in the laboratory and collected from the Bristol Bay watershed. The median lethal concentration (LC50) for rainbow trout exposed to Cu in low-hardness laboratory water was 16\u2009\u03bcg Cu\/L (95% confidence intervals [CIs]: 12, 21; dissolved Cu, filtered to 0.45\u2009\u03bcm). The LC50 values for fathead minnows exposed to Cu in low-hardness laboratory water or site water were 29 and 79\u2009\u03bcg Cu\/L (95% CIs: 23, 35 and 58, 125; dissolved Cu), respectively. The biotic ligand model (BLM) LC50 estimates for these bioassays were 1.3 to 2.3 times higher than the actual LC50 values. We also calculated and analyzed acute Cu water quality criteria, also known as criterion maximum concentration (CMC), using hardness-based methods and the BLM for water samples collected throughout the Bristol Bay watershed in 2007. Biotic ligand model CMCs ranged from 0.05 to 17.5\u2009\u03bcg Cu\/L and hardness-based CMCs ranged from 2.3 to 6.1\u2009\u03bcg Cu\/L for the 65 samples analyzed. Our results show the need for site-specific research and subsequent water quality guidelines in low-hardness aquatic habitats. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:190\u2013197. \u00a9 2018 SETAC<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.4252","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,20]],"date-time":"2018-08-20T12:03:22Z","timestamp":1534766602000},"page":"190-197","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Copper toxicity in Bristol Bay headwaters: Part 1\u2014Acute mortality and ambient water quality criteria in low-hardness water"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Jeffrey M.","family":"Morris","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Abt Associates Boulder Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen F.","family":"Brinkman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Colorado Parks and Wildlife Fort Collins Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael W.","family":"Carney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Abt Associates Boulder Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua","family":"Lipton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Abt Associates Boulder Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025010314323533400_etc4252-bib-0001","author":"Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation.","year":"2008"},{"key":"2025010314323533400_etc4252-bib-0002","author":"Alaska Department of Fish and Game.","year":"2016"},{"key":"2025010314323533400_etc4252-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2266","DOI":"10.1897\/02-428","article-title":"Sublethal effects of copper on Coho salmon: Impacts on nonoverlapping receptor pathways in the peripheral olfactory nervous system","volume":"22","author":"Baldwin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Chem"},{"key":"2025010314323533400_etc4252-bib-0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2010.08.011","article-title":"Copper-induced olfactory toxicity in salmon and steelhead: Extrapolation across species and rearing environments","volume":"101","author":"Baldwin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aquat Toxicol"},{"key":"2025010314323533400_etc4252-bib-0005","author":"Biotic Ligand Model.","year":"2005"},{"key":"2025010314323533400_etc4252-bib-0006","author":"Bolker","year":"2013"},{"key":"2025010314323533400_etc4252-bib-0007","author":"Brinkman","year":"2013"},{"key":"2025010314323533400_etc4252-bib-0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3580","DOI":"10.1021\/es1003457","article-title":"Validation of the biotic ligand model in metal mixtures: Bioaccumulation of lead and copper","volume":"44","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"2025010314323533400_etc4252-bib-0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1897\/03-184","article-title":"Effect of dissolved organic matter source on acute copper toxicity to Daphnia magna","volume":"23","author":"De Schamphelaere","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Chem"},{"key":"2025010314323533400_etc4252-bib-0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2383","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5620201034","article-title":"Biotic ligand model of the acute toxicity of metals. 1. 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