{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T13:14:20Z","timestamp":1768482860601,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,29]],"date-time":"2018-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1540771200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,26]],"date-time":"2018-12-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1545782400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":58,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["setac.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>\u2003<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Owing to the dynamic interaction between frog skin and the environment, xenobiotics in frog habitats are of particular concern, and knowledge of percutaneous absorption in frog skin is necessary for risk-mitigation purposes. Baseline transdermal kinetics in adult aquatic and arboreal frog species have recently been reported; however, there is little information regarding absorption kinetics in adult terrestrial species. The present study investigated the in vitro absorption kinetics of 3 model chemicals\u2014caffeine, benzoic acid, and ibuprofen\u2014through different skin regions in the terrestrial toad Rhinella marina. Caffeine flux was consistently higher than that of the other 2 chemicals (p &amp;lt; 0.001), whereas the fluxes of the moderately and highly lipophilic chemicals (benzoic acid and ibuprofen) were similar, regardless of skin region. When considering individual chemicals, caffeine demonstrated increased flux through the ventral pelvic skin compared with the ventral thoracic or dorsal skin regions. Flux did not differ between skin regions for either benzoic acid or ibuprofen. These findings have implications for management of environmental contamination in frog habitats, as many environmental xenobiotics are of moderate to high lipophilicity and would be expected to be equally absorbed from all skin surfaces in terrestrial toads. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:361\u2013367. \u00a9 2018 SETAC<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.4302","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,29]],"date-time":"2018-10-29T08:39:12Z","timestamp":1540802352000},"page":"361-367","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Effects of skin region and relative lipophilicity on percutaneous absorption in the toad <i>Rhinella marina<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Victoria K.","family":"Llewelyn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"PharmacyCollege of Medicine and DentistryJames Cook University Townsville Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lee","family":"Berger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"One Health Research GroupCollege of Public HealthMedical and Veterinary SciencesJames Cook University Townsville Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beverley D.","family":"Glass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PharmacyCollege of Medicine and DentistryJames Cook University Townsville Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025010314383731100_etc4302-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1111\/vaa.12252","article-title":"Alfaxalone anesthesia by immersion in oriental fire-bellied toads (Bombina orientalis)","volume":"42","author":"Adami","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg"},{"key":"2025010314383731100_etc4302-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-9629(74)90103-0","article-title":"The water balance response of the pelvic \u201cpatch\u201d of Bufo punctatus and Bufo boreas","volume":"47","author":"Baldwin","year":"1974","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol A Comp Physiol"},{"key":"2025010314383731100_etc4302-bib-0003","first-page":"93","article-title":"Osservazioni sulla ultrastruttura della cute di Bufo bufo (L.) e modificazioni a livelli dell'epidermide, in relazione a differenti condizioni ambientali","volume":"74","author":"Bani","year":"1966","journal-title":"Monitore Zoologico Italiano Supplemento"},{"key":"2025010314383731100_etc4302-bib-0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2477","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.297","article-title":"Acute toxicity of fungicide formulations to amphibians at environmentally relevant concentrations","volume":"29","author":"Belden","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Chem"},{"key":"2025010314383731100_etc4302-bib-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1972.223.2.361","article-title":"Zonal differences in permeability of the skin of some anuran Amphibia","volume":"223","author":"Bentley","year":"1972","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"2025010314383731100_etc4302-bib-0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1080\/15287390902929717","article-title":"Toxicity of formulated glyphosate (Glyphos) and Cosmo-Flux to larval and juvenile Colombian frogs 2. Field and laboratory microcosm acute toxicity","volume":"72","author":"Bernal","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Toxicol Environ Health"},{"key":"2025010314383731100_etc4302-bib-0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.3354\/dao02521","article-title":"Clinical trials with itraconazole as a treatment for chytrid fungal infections in amphibians","volume":"101","author":"Brannelly","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dis Aquat Org"},{"key":"2025010314383731100_etc4302-bib-0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2465","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.650","article-title":"Amphibians at risk? Susceptibility of terrestrial amphibian life stages to pesticides","volume":"30","author":"Br\u00fchl","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Chem"},{"key":"2025010314383731100_etc4302-bib-0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-9629(74)90477-0","article-title":"Adaptations in the water economy of some anuran amphibia","volume":"47","author":"Christensen","year":"1974","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol A Comp Physiol"},{"key":"2025010314383731100_etc4302-bib-0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2003.12131.x","article-title":"Determination of the effect of lipophilicity on the in vitro permeability and tissue reservoir characteristics of topically applied solutes in human skin layers","volume":"120","author":"Cross","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"2025010314383731100_etc4302-bib-0011","first-page":"54","article-title":"Percutaneous absorption of parabens from cosmetic formulations","volume":"18","author":"Dal Pozzo","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int J Cosmet Sci"},{"key":"2025010314383731100_etc4302-bib-0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.03.013","article-title":"Morphology of Bufo ictericus integument (Amphibia, Bufonidae)","volume":"36","author":"de Brito-Gitirana","year":"2005","journal-title":"Micron"},{"key":"2025010314383731100_etc4302-bib-0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2008.10.010","article-title":"Toxicity of a glufosinate- and several glyphosate-based herbicides to juvenile amphibians from the Southern High Plains, USA","volume":"407","author":"Dinehart","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"2025010314383731100_etc4302-bib-0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1177\/0023677215571655","article-title":"Etomidate anaesthesia by immersion in oriental fire-bellied toads (Bombina orientalis)","volume":"49","author":"d'Ovidio","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lab Anim"},{"key":"2025010314383731100_etc4302-bib-0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8312.1981.tb01645.x","article-title":"The history of introductions of Bufo marina (Amphibia: Anura); a natural experiment in evolution","volume":"16","author":"Easteal","year":"1981","journal-title":"Biol J Linn Soc (Lond)"},{"key":"2025010314383731100_etc4302-bib-0016","first-page":"5125","article-title":"Scientific opinion on the state of the science on pesticide risk assessment for amphibians and reptiles","volume":"16","author":"Ockleford","year":"2018","journal-title":"EFSA J"},{"key":"2025010314383731100_etc4302-bib-0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micron.2008.09.003","article-title":"Microscopical methods promote the understanding of the integument biology of Rhinella ornata","volume":"40","author":"Felsemburgh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Micron"},{"key":"2025010314383731100_etc4302-bib-0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/S0045-6535(96)00355-4","article-title":"Determination of n-octanol\/water partition coefficient (KOW) of pesticide critical review and comparison of methods","volume":"34","author":"Finizio","year":"1997","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2025010314383731100_etc4302-bib-0019","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Amphibian Biology","author":"Fox","year":"1994"},{"key":"2025010314383731100_etc4302-bib-0020","author":"Fryday","year":"2012"},{"key":"2025010314383731100_etc4302-bib-0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/S0940-9602(98)80080-0","article-title":"The structure of the skin of the tree frog (Hyla arborea arborea L.)","volume":"180","author":"Goniakowska-Witali\u0144ska","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann Anat"},{"key":"2025010314383731100_etc4302-bib-0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2012.00753.x","article-title":"The effect of three anaesthetic protocols on the stress response in cane toads (Rhinella marina)","volume":"39","author":"Hern\u00e1ndez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet Anaesth Analg"},{"key":"2025010314383731100_etc4302-bib-0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1002\/bimj.200810425","article-title":"Simultaneous inference in general parametric models","volume":"50","author":"Hothorn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biom J"},{"key":"2025010314383731100_etc4302-bib-0024","first-page":"44","article-title":"Toxicity of monosodium methanearsonate herbicide to Couch's spadefoot toad, Scaphiopus couchi","volume":"33","author":"Judd","year":"1977","journal-title":"Herpetologica"},{"key":"2025010314383731100_etc4302-bib-0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s12302-016-0080-y","article-title":"Adaption of a dermal in vitro method to investigate the uptake of chemicals across amphibian skin","volume":"28","author":"Kaufmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ Sci Eur"},{"key":"2025010314383731100_etc4302-bib-0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.2307\/1443019","article-title":"Movement of water over toad skin: Functional role of epidermal sculpturing","volume":"1974","author":"Lillywhite","year":"1974","journal-title":"Copeia"},{"key":"2025010314383731100_etc4302-bib-0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.12264","article-title":"Percutaneous absorption of chemicals: Developing an understanding for the treatment of disease in frogs","volume":"39","author":"Llewelyn","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"2025010314383731100_etc4302-bib-0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2018.03.019","article-title":"Regional variation in percutaneous absorption in the tree frog Litoria caerulea","volume":"60","author":"Llewelyn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Pharmacol"},{"key":"2025010314383731100_etc4302-bib-0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-406X(69)91351-6","article-title":"Rate of water uptake through the integument of the desert toad, Bufo punctatus","volume":"28","author":"McClanahan","year":"1969","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol"},{"key":"2025010314383731100_etc4302-bib-0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.1992.tb01035.x","article-title":"Quantification of percutaneous absorption of metronidazole and levamisole in the fire-bellied toad (Bombina orientalis)","volume":"15","author":"Mombarg","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Vet Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"2025010314383731100_etc4302-bib-0031","author":"Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.","year":"2004"},{"key":"2025010314383731100_etc4302-bib-0032","author":"Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.","year":"2004"},{"key":"2025010314383731100_etc4302-bib-0033","author":"Pinheiro","year":"2017"},{"key":"2025010314383731100_etc4302-bib-0034","volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","author":"R Development Core Team.","year":"2016"},{"key":"2025010314383731100_etc4302-bib-0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1890\/04-1291","article-title":"The lethal impact of roundup on aquatic and terrestrial amphibians","volume":"15","author":"Relyea","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ecol Appl"},{"key":"2025010314383731100_etc4302-bib-0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1051400405","article-title":"Vascular supply to the ventral pelvic region of anurans as related to water balance","volume":"140","author":"Roth","year":"1973","journal-title":"J Morphol"},{"key":"2025010314383731100_etc4302-bib-0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1002\/zoo.1007","article-title":"Non-invasive treatments of luteinizing hormone\u2013releasing hormone for inducing spermiation in American (Bufo americanus) and Gulf Coast (Bufo valliceps) toads","volume":"20","author":"Rowson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Zoo Biol"},{"key":"2025010314383731100_etc4302-bib-0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1054\/tice.2001.0208","article-title":"Structural and mechanical aspects of the skin of Bufo marinus (Anura, Amphibia)","volume":"33","author":"Schwinger","year":"2001","journal-title":"Tissue Cell"},{"key":"2025010314383731100_etc4302-bib-0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.74.6.823","article-title":"Evaluation of righting reflex in cane toads (Bufo marinus) after topical application of sevoflurane jelly","volume":"74","author":"Stone","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"2025010314383731100_etc4302-bib-0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1007\/s00244-009-9292-0","article-title":"Behavioral response and kinetics of terrestrial atrazine exposure in American toads (Bufo americanus)","volume":"57","author":"Storrs M\u00e9ndez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Environ Contam Toxicol"},{"key":"2025010314383731100_etc4302-bib-0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-35.3.536","article-title":"Effects of malathion on disease susceptibility in Woodhouse's toads","volume":"35","author":"Taylor","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis"},{"key":"2025010314383731100_etc4302-bib-0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-9629(93)90259-7","article-title":"Cutaneous adaptations to water balance in amphibians","volume":"105","author":"Toledo","year":"1993","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol A Physiol"},{"key":"2025010314383731100_etc4302-bib-0043","author":"VCCLAB.","year":"2005"},{"key":"2025010314383731100_etc4302-bib-0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.04.189","article-title":"Risk assessment considerations for plant protection products and terrestrial life-stages of amphibians","volume":"636","author":"Weltje","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"2025010314383731100_etc4302-bib-0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2006.04.010","article-title":"Percutaneous malathion absorption by anuran skin in flow-through diffusion cells","volume":"22","author":"Willens","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Pharmacol"},{"key":"2025010314383731100_etc4302-bib-0046","first-page":"309","volume-title":"Amphibian Medicine and Captive Husbandry","author":"Wright","year":"2001"},{"key":"2025010314383731100_etc4302-bib-0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1086\/432152","article-title":"Comparative analysis of cutaneous evaporative water loss in frogs demonstrated correlation with ecological habitats","volume":"78","author":"Young","year":"2005","journal-title":"Physiol Biochem Zool"}],"container-title":["Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fetc.4302","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/etc.4302","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/etc.4302","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/etc\/article-pdf\/38\/2\/361\/59773454\/etc4302.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/etc\/article-pdf\/38\/2\/361\/59773454\/etc4302.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]],"date-time":"2025-01-03T15:15:39Z","timestamp":1735917339000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/etc\/article\/38\/2\/361\/7737101"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,29]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,29]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,29]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/etc.4302","relation":{},"ISSN":["0730-7268","1552-8618"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0730-7268","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-8618","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-05-22","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-10-23","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-12-26","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}