{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T22:34:47Z","timestamp":1790721287417,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,2]],"date-time":"2019-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1564704000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,30]],"date-time":"2019-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1569801600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":59,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["setac.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Neonicotinoid insecticides have been shown to have high chronic toxicity relative to acute toxicity, and therefore short-term toxicity tests \u226496\u2009h in duration may underestimate their environmental risks. Among nontarget aquatic invertebrates, insects of the orders Diptera and Ephemeroptera have been found to be the most sensitive to neonicotinoids. To undertake a more accurate assessment of the risks posed by neonicotinoids to freshwater ecosystems, more data are needed from long-term tests employing the most sensitive taxa. Using nymphs of the common New Zealand mayfly genus Deleatidium spp., we performed 28-d static-renewal exposures with the widely used neonicotinoids imidacloprid, clothianidin, and thiamethoxam. We monitored survival, immobility, impairment, and mayfly moulting propensity at varying time points throughout the experiment. Imidacloprid and clothianidin exerted strong chronic toxicity effects on Deleatidium nymphs, with 28-d median lethal concentrations (LC50s) of 0.28 and 1.36\u2009\u00b5g\/L, respectively, whereas thiamethoxam was the least toxic, with a 28-d LC50\u2009&amp;gt;\u20094\u2009\u00b5g\/L (highest concentration tested). Mayfly moulting propensity was also negatively affected by clothianidin (during 3 of 4 wk), imidacloprid (2 of 4 wk), and thiamethoxam (1 of 4 wk). Comparisons with published neonicotinoid chronic toxicity data for other mayfly taxa and larvae of the midge genus Chironomus showed similar sensitivities for mayflies and midges, suggesting that experiments using these taxa provide reliable assessments of the threats of neonicotinoids to the most vulnerable freshwater species. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:2459\u20132471. \u00a9 2019 SETAC<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.4556","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,2]],"date-time":"2019-08-02T14:34:21Z","timestamp":1564756461000},"page":"2459-2471","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Chronic Toxicities of Neonicotinoids to Nymphs of the Common New Zealand Mayfly <i>Deleatidium<\/i> spp."],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Samuel J.","family":"Macaulay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology University of Otago Dunedin Otago New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimberly J.","family":"Hageman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry Utah State University Logan Utah USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert 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