{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T09:29:27Z","timestamp":1784798967496,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,9]],"date-time":"2019-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1565308800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,18]],"date-time":"2019-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1571356800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":70,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["setac.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>In the Southern High Plains of the United States, beef cattle feed yards and row crop agriculture are predominant sources of agrochemical usage. Beef cattle feed yards use large quantities of veterinary pharmaceuticals to promote cattle growth and health, along with insecticides to control insect pests, whereas row crop-based agriculture relies on herbicides, fungicides, and insecticides to increase yields. Previous studies have documented the occurrence of agrochemicals beyond feed yard and row crop agriculture boundaries in uncultivated, marginal areas, raising concern that migratory pollinators and pollinators indigenous to the Southern High Plains frequenting these remaining habitat corridors may become exposed to toxic agrochemicals. Larvae of the painted lady butterfly (Vanessa cardui) were used to investigate the potential toxicity of agrochemicals used on feed yards and in row crop agriculture among pollinators. Moxidectin, an antiparasiticide used on beef cattle feed yards, was determined to be extremely toxic to V. cardui larvae, with a lethal dose at which 50% of larvae died of 2.1\u2009\u00b1\u20090.1\u2009ng\/g. Pyraclostrobin, clothianidin, and permethrin all delayed V. cardui development. However, moxidectin was the only chemical that produced significant toxic effects at environmentally relevant concentrations. These results indicate that agrochemicals originating from feed yards have the potential to adversely impact the development of pollinator larvae occurring in the Southern High Plains. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:2629\u20132636. \u00a9 2019 SETAC<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Abstract<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Painted lady larvae exposed to agrochemicals commonly detected on wildflowers on the Southern High Plains demonstrated developmental delays, lowered mass as adults, and death.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.4565","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,9]],"date-time":"2019-08-09T14:13:56Z","timestamp":1565360036000},"page":"2629-2636","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Toxicity of Agrochemicals Among Larval Painted Lady Butterflies (<i>Vanessa cardui<\/i>)"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Eric M.","family":"Peterson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Toxicology Texas Tech University Lubbock Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine R.","family":"Shaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Toxicology Texas Tech University Lubbock Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip N.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Toxicology Texas Tech University Lubbock Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025010314392532600_etc4565-bib-0001","volume-title":"Pesticides industry sales and usage 2008\u20132012 market estimates","author":"Atwood","year":"2017"},{"key":"2025010314392532600_etc4565-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.05.065","article-title":"Contamination of wild plants near neonicotinoid seed-treated crops, and implications for non-target insects","volume":"566","author":"Bot\u00edas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"2025010314392532600_etc4565-bib-0003","first-page":"670","article-title":"Potential genitourinary toxicity and lithogenic effect of ractopamine","volume":"3","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Food Nutr"},{"key":"2025010314392532600_etc4565-bib-0004","author":"Community Reference Laboratories for Residues of Pesticides"},{"key":"2025010314392532600_etc4565-bib-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2015.12.011","article-title":"Widespread contamination of wildflower and bee-collected pollen with complex mixtures of neonicotinoids and fungicides commonly applied to crops","volume":"88","author":"David","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"2025010314392532600_etc4565-bib-0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2518","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/tov251","article-title":"Effects of oral exposure to fungicides on honey bee nutrition and virus levels","volume":"108","author":"Degrandi-Hoffman","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Econ Entomol"},{"key":"2025010314392532600_etc4565-bib-0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2016.08.022","article-title":"Bee pollen as a bioindicator of environmental pesticide contamination","volume":"163","author":"de Oliveira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2025010314392532600_etc4565-bib-0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-6055.1994.tb00924.x","article-title":"In-vitro comparison of the larvicidal activity of moxidectin and abamectin against Onthophagus gazella (F.) 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