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A series of studies were undertaken with American kestrels ingesting environmentally realistic concentrations of the second-generation anticoagulant rodenticide (SGAR) brodifacoum. Kestrels fed brodifacoum at 0.3, 1.0, or 3.0\u2009\u00b5g\/g diet wet weight for 7\u2009d exhibited dose-dependent hemorrhage, histopathological lesions, and coagulopathy (prolonged prothrombin and Russell's viper venom times). Following termination of a 7-d exposure to 0.5\u2009\u00b5g brodifacoum\/g diet, prolonged blood clotting time returned to baseline values within 1\u2009wk, but brodifacoum residues in liver and kidney persisted during the 28-d recovery period (terminal half-life estimates &amp;gt;50 d). To examine the hazard of sequential anticoagulant rodenticide (AR) exposure, kestrels were exposed to either the first-generation AR chlorophacinone (1.5\u2009\u00b5g\/g diet) or the SGAR brodifacoum (0.5\u2009\u00b5g\/g diet) for 7\u2009d and, following a recovery period, challenged with a low dose of chlorophacinone (0.75\u2009\u00b5g\/g diet) for 7\u2009d. In brodifacoum-exposed kestrels, the challenge exposure clearly prolonged prothrombin time compared to naive controls and kestrels previously exposed to chlorophacinone. These data provide evidence that the SGAR brodifacoum may have prolonged effects that increase the toxicity of subsequent AR exposure. Because free-ranging predatory and scavenging wildlife are often repeatedly exposed to ARs, such protracted toxicological effects need to be considered in hazard and risk assessments. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:468\u2013481. \u00a9 2020 SETAC<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.4629","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,10]],"date-time":"2019-11-10T01:38:26Z","timestamp":1573349906000},"page":"468-481","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Brodifacoum Toxicity in American Kestrels (<i>Falco sparverius<\/i>) with Evidence of Increased Hazard on Subsequent Anticoagulant Rodenticide Exposure"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Barnett A.","family":"Rattner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center US Geological Survey Beltsville Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven F.","family":"Volker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Wildlife Research Center Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, US Department of Agriculture Fort Collins Colorado 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