{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,2]],"date-time":"2026-08-02T03:50:16Z","timestamp":1785642616148,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,9]],"date-time":"2024-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1802,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,11]],"date-time":"2020-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1581379200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":39,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004378","name":"Shell","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004378","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004378","name":"Shell","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004378","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["setac.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Unlike most other conventional petroleum products that are derived from crude oil, gas-to-liquids (GTLs) are petroleum products that are synthesized from natural gas (methane). This process results in GTL products having no sulfur and low aromatic content, so they should have less impact on human health and the environment compared with crude oil\u2013derived products. The GTLs have been registered for use as nonaqueous base fluids (NABFs) in drilling muds, which aid in the process of drilling wells for oil and gas extraction; it is through these uses and others that they enter terrestrial environments. The primary objective of the present study was to determine whether GTLs were less toxic to terrestrial soil biota than conventional NABFs used for land-based drilling, such as diesel and low-toxicity mineral oil (LTMO). A second objective was to understand the fate and impact of these fluids under more realistic soil and aging conditions of a common west Texas (USA) oil-producing region (i.e., sandy loam soil with low organic matter and a hot arid climate). Acute terrestrial toxicity studies were conducted on the soft-bodied terrestrial invertebrate earthworm (Eisenia fetida) along with 3 plant species\u2014alfalfa (Medicago stavia), thickspike wheatgrass (Elymus lanceolatus), and fourwing saltbrush (Atriplex canescens). We also assessed changes in microbial community structure of the soils following additions of NABF. Overall, the GTL NABFs had lower toxicity compared with conventional NABFs like diesel and LTMO, as measured by invertebrate toxicity, plant seed germination, and impact on the microbial community. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:721\u2013730. \u00a9 2020 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of SETAC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.4658","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,4]],"date-time":"2020-01-04T02:17:35Z","timestamp":1578104255000},"page":"721-730","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Terrestrial Toxicity of Synthetic Gas-to-Liquid versus Crude Oil\u2013Derived Drilling Fluids in Soil"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0383-3062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa","family":"Arneson Westbrook","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Toxicology Texas Tech University Lubbock Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darcy A.","family":"Chase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Toxicology Texas Tech University Lubbock Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Mudge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Toxicology Texas Tech University Lubbock Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6510-472X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah A.","family":"Hughes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada"},{"name":"Shell Health\u2013Americas, Shell Oil Houston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Delina","family":"Lyon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shell Health\u2013Americas, Shell Oil Houston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meijun","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences Texas Tech University Lubbock Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah","family":"Carr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences Texas Tech University Lubbock Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Todd A.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Toxicology Texas Tech University Lubbock Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025010314143548800_etc4658-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-12937-7","volume-title":"Biology of Rhodococcus","author":"Alvarez","year":"2010"},{"key":"2025010314143548800_etc4658-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.2118\/11355-PA","article-title":"New drilling fluid technology\u2014Mineral oil mud","volume":"36","author":"Bennett","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Petrol Technol"},{"key":"2025010314143548800_etc4658-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2004.09.008","article-title":"Comparative bioremediation of soils contaminated with diesel oil by natural attenuation, biostimulation and bioaugmentation","volume":"96","author":"Bento","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bioresour Technol"},{"key":"2025010314143548800_etc4658-bib-0004","first-page":"1","article-title":"Toxicological and ecotoxicological properties of gas-to-liquid (GTL) products. 1. 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