{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T12:27:27Z","timestamp":1779366447726,"version":"3.53.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,1]],"date-time":"2011-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1304208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,4]],"date-time":"2011-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1299196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["setac.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The scarcity of information on the effects of pesticides on native Australian vertebrates constrains the development of biologically relevant risk assessments in Australia for the registration of pesticides. The concern that endemically old and unique Australian vertebrate fauna might display high sensitivity to pesticides used for locust control provoked examination of the acute oral toxicity of the organophosphorus pesticide fenitrothion for the fat-tailed dunnart, Sminthopsis crassicaudata (Gould 1844), and the stripe-faced dunnart, S. macroura (Gould 1845). By using the up-and-down method for determining acute oral toxicity, S. crassicaudata and S. macroura were found to have estimated median lethal doses (LD50s) of 129\u2009mg\/kg (95% confidence interval [CI]\u2009=\u200974.2\u2013159.0) and 97\u2009mg\/kg (95% CI\u2009=\u200988.3\u2013120.0), respectively. These values are 10 to 14 times lower than the reported LD50 values for a similar-sized eutherian mammal, Mus musculus (L. 1758; LD50\u2009=\u20091,100\u20131,400\u2009mg\/kg) and lower than all other reported mammalian LD50 values. Such wide interspecific variation in sensitivity to fenitrothion may be a consequence of underlying differences in the metabolic pathway for fenitrothion detoxification in mammals and a possible explanation for the increased toxicity of fenitrothion to dunnarts, compared with other mammals, is proposed. The unexpectedly high sensitivity of these Australian marsupials to fenitrothion emphasises the importance of adequately evaluating the risks of pesticides to endemic Australian fauna. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011; 30:1163\u20131169. \u00a9 2011 SETAC<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.478","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,9]],"date-time":"2011-02-09T07:02:31Z","timestamp":1297234951000},"page":"1163-1169","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Acute oral toxicity of the organophosphorus pesticide fenitrothion to fat-tailed and stripe-faced dunnarts and its relevance for pesticide risk assessments in Australia"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Paul","family":"Story","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael J","family":"Hooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lee B","family":"Astheimer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Conservation Biology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William A","family":"Buttemer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026020510232074100_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1071\/WR99060","article-title":"Review of the effects of organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides on vertebrates. Are there implications for locust management in Australia?","volume":"28","author":"Story","year":"2001","journal-title":"Wildl Res"},{"key":"2026020510232074100_bib2","first-page":"49","volume-title":"Species Sensitivity Distributions in Ecotoxicology","author":"Aldenberg","year":"2002"},{"key":"2026020510232074100_bib3","first-page":"103","volume-title":"Species Sensitivity Distributions in Ecotoxicology","author":"Aldenberg","year":"2002"},{"key":"2026020510232074100_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1897\/2004-028.1","article-title":"A case study of the Australian Plague Locust Commission and environmental due diligence. Why mere legislative compliance is no longer sufficient for environmentally responsible locust control in Australia","volume":"1","author":"Story","year":"2005","journal-title":"Integr Environ Assess Manag"},{"key":"2026020510232074100_bib5","article-title":"Existing Chemicals Review Program National Registration Authority for Agricultural and Veterinary Chemicals","author":"National Registration Authority","year":"1999"},{"key":"2026020510232074100_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-483X(79)90117-3","article-title":"The acute toxicity of fenitrothion in weanling rats and effects on tissue esterases and mono-oxygenases","volume":"13","author":"Ecobichon","year":"1979","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"2026020510232074100_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/0143-1471(86)90095-4","article-title":"Effects of dietary monocrotophos on the marsupials Sminthopsis macroura and the Australian native rodents Notomys alexis and Notomys mitchelli","volume":"40","author":"Evans","year":"1986","journal-title":"Environ Pollut (Series A)"},{"key":"2026020510232074100_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2008.04.054","article-title":"Fenitrothion, an organophosphate, affects running endurance but not aerobic capacity in fat-tailed dunnarts (Sminthopsis crassicaudata)","volume":"72","author":"Buttemer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2026020510232074100_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1006\/jare.1993.1072","article-title":"Diets of insectivorous marsupials in arid Australia: selection for prey type, size or hardness?","volume":"25","author":"Fisher","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Arid Environ"},{"key":"2026020510232074100_bib10","volume-title":"Mammals of Australia","author":"Strahan","year":"1995","edition":"2nd ed"},{"key":"2026020510232074100_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.2305\/IUCN.CH.2005.3.en","volume-title":"A Global Species Assessment","author":"Baillie","year":"2004"},{"key":"2026020510232074100_bib12","author":"Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development","year":"2001"},{"key":"2026020510232074100_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-6915(94)00136-C","article-title":"Comparison of the up-and-down, conventional LD50 and fixed-dose acute toxicity procedures","volume":"33","author":"Lipnick","year":"1995","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol"},{"key":"2026020510232074100_bib14","volume-title":"Statistix 9 User's Manual","author":"Analytical Software","year":"2008"},{"key":"2026020510232074100_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(61)90145-9","article-title":"A new and rapid colorimetric determination of acetylcholinesterase activity","volume":"7","author":"Ellman","year":"1961","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026020510232074100_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-29.1.1","article-title":"Age-dependent changes in plasma and brain cholinesterase activities of eastern bluebirds and European starlings","volume":"29","author":"Gard","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis"},{"key":"2026020510232074100_bib17","first-page":"48","author":"Nguyen","year":"1980"},{"key":"2026020510232074100_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1037\/h0023130","article-title":"Cholinesterase levels and operant extinction","volume":"61","author":"Glow","year":"1966","journal-title":"J Comp Physiol Psychol"},{"key":"2026020510232074100_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.7613133","article-title":"Developmental toxicity in the rat after ingestion or gavage of organophosphate pesticides (dipterex, Imidan\u00ae) during pregnancy","volume":"13","author":"Staples","year":"1976","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026020510232074100_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01702241","article-title":"Physiological and behavioral effects of Guthion on pine voles, Microtus pinetorum","volume":"43","author":"Durda","year":"1989","journal-title":"Bull Environ Contam Toxicol"},{"key":"2026020510232074100_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01625573","article-title":"Parathion effects on reproductive characteristics and vital organ weights of female cottontail rabbits, Sylvilagus floridanus","volume":"33","author":"Montz","year":"1984","journal-title":"Bull Environ Contam Toxicol"},{"key":"2026020510232074100_bib22","first-page":"151","volume-title":"Chemicals in Agriculture, Vol 2\u2014Cholinesterase Inhibiting Insecticides. Their Impact on Wildlife and the Environment","author":"Grue","year":"1991"},{"key":"2026020510232074100_bib23","volume-title":"Molecular Biology of the Cell","author":"Alberts","year":"1983"},{"key":"2026020510232074100_bib24","volume-title":"Casarett and Doull's Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons","author":"Classen","year":"2001"},{"key":"2026020510232074100_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.20181","article-title":"Genetic variability in the cytochrome P450-paraoxonase 1 (PON1) pathway for detoxification of organophosphorus compounds","volume":"21","author":"Furlong","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Biochem Mol Toxicol"},{"key":"2026020510232074100_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1522-7146(1996)11:6<279::AID-JBT3>3.0.CO;2-H","article-title":"Maturational differences in chlorpyrifos-oxonase activity may contribute to age-related sensitivity to chlorpyrifos","volume":"6","author":"Mortensen","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Biochem Toxicol"},{"key":"2026020510232074100_bib27","first-page":"13","article-title":"Pesticide acute toxicity reference values for birds","volume":"170","author":"Mineau","year":"2001","journal-title":"Rev Environ Contam Toxicol"},{"key":"2026020510232074100_bib28","volume-title":"Species Sensitivity Distributions in Ecotoxicology","author":"Posthuma","year":"2002"},{"key":"2026020510232074100_bib29","first-page":"33","article-title":"Proceedings","author":"Hyman","year":"1997"},{"key":"2026020510232074100_bib30","author":"Mastalski","year":"1971"},{"key":"2026020510232074100_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1271\/bbb1961.25.605","article-title":"Studies on the organophosphorus insecticides. Part VII. Chemical and biological properties of new low toxic organophosphorus insecticide. O,O-Dimethyl-O-(3-methyl-4-nitrophenyl) phosphorothioate","volume":"25","author":"Nishizawa","year":"1961","journal-title":"Agricult Biol Chem (Tokyo)"},{"key":"2026020510232074100_bib32","first-page":"82","article-title":"Oral toxicity and metabolism of sumithion on cattle, sheep and pigs","volume":"89","author":"Namba","year":"1966","journal-title":"Res Bull Hokkaido Nat Agric Exp Stn"},{"key":"2026020510232074100_bib33","first-page":"5","author":"Pimentel","year":"1971"}],"container-title":["Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fetc.478","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/etc\/article\/30\/5\/1163\/7762679","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/etc\/article\/30\/5\/1163\/7762679","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T15:23:33Z","timestamp":1770305013000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/etc\/article\/30\/5\/1163\/7762679"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,1]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/etc.478","relation":{},"ISSN":["0730-7268","1552-8618"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0730-7268","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-8618","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2010-06-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2010-11-29","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2011-03-04","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}