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Continued monitoring of species for which historic data are available can reveal trends in exposure that aid in evaluating the effectiveness of risk-mitigation measures. While the majority of exposure-monitoring studies utilize liver tissue collected postmortem, antemortem modalities, such as serum analysis, may be desirable for risk assessments in certain populations. However, the sensitivity of serum for detecting anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) is not well studied. Paired liver and serum samples from 43 RTHAs were evaluated from 2017 to 2019. In liver tissue, 100% of birds were positive for ARs, with the SGARs brodifacoum, bromadiolone, and difethialone identified most frequently; 91% of birds had liver residues of 2 to 4 ARs. These findings represent the highest exposure both to ARs overall and to multiple ARs in RTHAs compared to previous studies. All birds diagnosed with AR toxicosis (n\u2009=\u200914) were positive for ARs in serum; however, all subclinically exposed birds (n\u2009=\u200929) were negative in serum. These data show that exposure to SGARs remains widespread in RTHAs in this geographic area. In addition, although serum analysis is not sensitive for detecting sublethal exposures in RTHAs, it can potentially support a diagnosis of AR toxicosis in conjunction with other consistent signs. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:2325\u20132335. \u00a9 2020 SETAC<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Abstract<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Photograph of a red-tailed hawk (RTHA) and an abbreviated table showing the percentage of RTHAs positive for anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) overall and for multiple ARs across 3 time periods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.4853","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,28]],"date-time":"2020-08-28T06:02:46Z","timestamp":1598594566000},"page":"2325-2335","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Continued Anticoagulant Rodenticide Exposure of Red-tailed Hawks (<i>Buteo jamaicensis<\/i>) in the Northeastern United States with an Evaluation of Serum for Biomonitoring"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9251-0312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maureen","family":"Murray","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tufts Wildlife Clinic, Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University North Grafton Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025010314104421000_etc4853-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.3356\/JRR-17-39.1","article-title":"Secondary anticoagulant rodenticide exposure in migrating juvenile red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis) in relationship to body condition","volume":"52","author":"Abernathy","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Raptor 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