{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T05:41:27Z","timestamp":1781761287256,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,9]],"date-time":"2021-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612828800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,6]],"date-time":"2021-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617667200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":56,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"St. Lawrence River Institute Foundation"},{"name":"NSERC LEADERS CREATE"},{"name":"Ontario Graduate Scholarship"},{"name":"Great Lakes Protection Initiative"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["setac.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The St. Lawrence River at Cornwall, Ontario, Canada, received substantial inputs of mercury from local, shoreline-based industries through much of the 20th century. Although emission controls were implemented in the late 20th century to reduce the influx of mercury and other metals entering the river, legacy contamination of riverine sediments continues to be a concern. Monitored natural recovery was prescribed in 2005 to remediate contaminated sediments; however, few surveys have been undertaken to examine its effectiveness on shallow, nearshore sediments in contaminated areas. Surface sediments were collected at shallow, nearshore sites in contaminated zones and upstream reference areas to evaluate the current state of sedimentary contamination of mercury and other metals. A Getis\u2013Ord Gi* \u201chot spot\u201d analysis was employed to assess the spatial distribution of contaminants. In addition, 3 sediment cores were collected from contaminated zones and dated using radioisotopes (210Pb) to assess sedimentation patterns over time. Results indicated that surface sediments from contaminated zones remained elevated in mercury relative to reference sites but spatial distribution of contaminants was highly heterogeneous. Dated sediment cores suggested that sedimentation was not occurring consistently across all areas; variable sedimentation and resuspension patterns over small spatial scales were likely factors driving heterogeneous sedimentary contamination. Such patterns complicate remediation strategies because unburied sediments may serve as continuing sources of contaminants to the ecosystem. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:1788\u20131799. \u00a9 2021 SETAC<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,10]],"date-time":"2021-02-10T05:52:25Z","timestamp":1612936345000},"page":"1788-1799","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Nearshore Sedimentary Mercury Concentrations Reflect Legacy Point Sources and Variable Sedimentation Patterns Under a Natural Recovery Strategy"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Katherine E.","family":"Moir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Paleoecological Environmental Assessment and Research Laboratory, Queen's University Kingston Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew J.S.","family":"Windle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Lawrence River Institute of Environmental Sciences Cornwall Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian F.","family":"Cumming","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paleoecological Environmental Assessment and Research Laboratory, Queen's University Kingston Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey J.","family":"Ridal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Lawrence River Institute of Environmental Sciences Cornwall Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025010313395393800_etc5009-bib-0001","author":"Anderson","year":"1992"},{"key":"2025010313395393800_etc5009-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/0-306-47669-X_9","volume-title":"Tracking Environmental Change Using Lake Sediments","author":"Appleby","year":"2002"},{"key":"2025010313395393800_etc5009-bib-0003","author":"Biberhofer","year":"2002"},{"key":"2025010313395393800_etc5009-bib-0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1016\/S0045-6535(99)00283-0","article-title":"Ecological effects, transport, and fate of mercury: A general review","volume":"40","author":"Boening","year":"2000","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2025010313395393800_etc5009-bib-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1139\/f99-246","article-title":"Sediment dynamics in the fluvial lakes of the St. Lawrence River: Accumulation rates and characterization of the mixed sediment layer","volume":"57","author":"Carignan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Can J Fish Aquat Sci"},{"key":"2025010313395393800_etc5009-bib-0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1007\/s00244-007-9040-2","article-title":"Spatial and temporal trends of mercury concentrations in young-of-the-year spottail shiners (Notropis hudsonius) in the St. Lawrence River at Cornwall, ON","volume":"54","author":"Choy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Environ Contam Toxicol"},{"key":"2025010313395393800_etc5009-bib-0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.22237\/jmasm\/1177992660","article-title":"Tests for treatment group equality when data are nonnormal and heteroscedastic","volume":"6","author":"Cribbie","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Mod Appl Stat Methods"},{"key":"2025010313395393800_etc5009-bib-0008","author":"De Barros","year":"2010"},{"key":"2025010313395393800_etc5009-bib-0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4095","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2009.03.010","article-title":"Sediment mercury dynamics and historical trends of mercury deposition in the St. Lawrence River area of concern near Cornwall, Ontario, Canada","volume":"407","author":"Delongchamp","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"2025010313395393800_etc5009-bib-0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2009.12.030","article-title":"Mercury transport between sediments and the overlying water of the St. Lawrence River area of concern near Cornwall, Ontario","volume":"158","author":"Delongchamp","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"2025010313395393800_etc5009-bib-0011","author":"Environmental Systems Research Institute (esri)","year":"2020"},{"key":"2025010313395393800_etc5009-bib-0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.3394\/0380-1330(2008)34[72:SASPOM]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Spatial and seasonal patterns of mercury concentrations in fish from the St. Lawrence River at Cornwall, Ontario: Implications for monitoring","volume":"34","author":"Fowlie","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Great Lakes Res"},{"key":"2025010313395393800_etc5009-bib-0013","first-page":"113","article-title":"Pairwise multiple comparison procedures with unequal n's and\/or variances: A Monte Carlo study","volume":"1","author":"Games","year":"1976","journal-title":"J Educ Stat"},{"key":"2025010313395393800_etc5009-bib-0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-4632.1992.tb00261.x","article-title":"The analysis of spatial association by use of distance statistics","volume":"24","author":"Getis","year":"1992","journal-title":"Geogr Anal"},{"key":"2025010313395393800_etc5009-bib-0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2281","DOI":"10.1021\/es00035a029","article-title":"Sulfate stimulation of mercury methylation in freshwater sediments","volume":"26","author":"Gilmour","year":"1992","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"2025010313395393800_etc5009-bib-0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00200351","article-title":"Miniature gravity corer for recovering short sediment cores","volume":"5","author":"Glew","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Paleolimnol"},{"key":"2025010313395393800_etc5009-bib-0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2014.06.137","article-title":"Mercury concentrations in amphipods and fish of the Saint Lawrence River (Canada) are unrelated to concentrations of legacy mercury in sediments","volume":"494-495","author":"Hodson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"2025010313395393800_etc5009-bib-0018","first-page":"65","article-title":"A simple sequentially rejective multiple test procedure","volume":"6","author":"Holm","year":"1979","journal-title":"Scand J Statist"},{"key":"2025010313395393800_etc5009-bib-0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14060654","article-title":"Assessing statistically significant heavy-metal concentrations in abandoned mine areas via hot spot analysis of portable XRF data","volume":"14","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"Supp1.","key":"2025010313395393800_etc5009-bib-0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.2112\/SI91-065.1","article-title":"Assessment of lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) contamination in beach sands by hot spot analysis","volume":"91","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Coast Res"},{"key":"2025010313395393800_etc5009-bib-0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-018-7889-1","article-title":"Using spatial statistics to identify the uranium hotspot in groundwater in the mid-eastern Gangetic plain, India","volume":"77","author":"Kumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ Earth Sci"},{"key":"2025010313395393800_etc5009-bib-0022","author":"Lafontaine","year":"2017"},{"key":"2025010313395393800_etc5009-bib-0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1007\/s00244-018-0583-1","article-title":"Mercury concentrations in sentinel fish exposed to contaminated sediments under a natural recovery strategy within the St. Lawrence River area of concern at Cornwall, Ontario, Canada","volume":"76","author":"Lapointe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch Environ Contam Toxicol"},{"issue":"Supp1.","key":"2025010313395393800_etc5009-bib-0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1139\/f99-238","article-title":"Sediment dynamics and the transport of suspended matter in the upstream area of Lake St. Francis","volume":"57","author":"Lepage","year":"2000","journal-title":"Can J Fish Aquat Sci"},{"key":"2025010313395393800_etc5009-bib-0025","author":"MacViro Consultants","year":"1993"},{"key":"2025010313395393800_etc5009-bib-0026","author":"Milani","year":"2009"},{"key":"2025010313395393800_etc5009-bib-0027","author":"Ontario Ministry of the Environment","year":"1979"},{"key":"2025010313395393800_etc5009-bib-0028","author":"Pelletier","year":"2010"},{"key":"2025010313395393800_etc5009-bib-0029","article-title":"Guidelines for the protection and management of aquatic sediment quality in Ontario","author":"Persaud","year":"1993"},{"key":"2025010313395393800_etc5009-bib-0030","author":"Peters","year":"2018"},{"key":"2025010313395393800_etc5009-bib-0031","volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","author":"R Development Core Team","year":"2018"},{"key":"2025010313395393800_etc5009-bib-0032","author":"Rambol Environ","year":"2017"},{"key":"2025010313395393800_etc5009-bib-0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.2118","article-title":"Ebullition rates and mercury concentrations in St. Lawrence River sediments and a benthic invertebrate","volume":"32","author":"Razavi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Chem"},{"key":"2025010313395393800_etc5009-bib-0034","author":"Richman","year":"2019"},{"key":"2025010313395393800_etc5009-bib-0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1080\/14634988.2017.1332445","article-title":"Trends in suspended sediment quality in the upper St. Clair River: Assessment of large-scale remediation of contaminated sediments in a dynamic riverine environment","volume":"21","author":"Richman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aquat Ecosyst Health Manag"},{"key":"2025010313395393800_etc5009-bib-0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/S0380-1330(01)70623-5","article-title":"Sediment contamination in the St. Lawrence River along the Cornwall, Ontario waterfront","volume":"27","author":"Richman","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Great Lakes Res"},{"key":"2025010313395393800_etc5009-bib-0037","author":"Ridal","year":"2010"},{"key":"2025010313395393800_etc5009-bib-0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00682508","article-title":"Low-background gamma counting: Applications for 210Pb dating of sediments","volume":"10","author":"Schelske","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Paleolimnol"},{"key":"2025010313395393800_etc5009-bib-0039","author":"Ter Braak","year":"2012"},{"key":"2025010313395393800_etc5009-bib-0040","author":"US Geological Survey","year":"2020"},{"key":"2025010313395393800_etc5009-bib-0041","author":"Waller","year":"2018"},{"key":"2025010313395393800_etc5009-bib-0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(98)00228-9","article-title":"Bioaccumulation of mercury in pelagic freshwater food webs","volume":"219","author":"Watras","year":"1998","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"2025010313395393800_etc5009-bib-0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/38.3-4.330","article-title":"On the comparison of several mean values: An alternative approach","volume":"38","author":"Welch","year":"1951","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"2025010313395393800_etc5009-bib-0044","author":"Windle","year":"2016"}],"container-title":["Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/etc.5009","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/etc.5009","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/etc\/article-pdf\/40\/6\/1788\/59804811\/etc5009.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/etc\/article-pdf\/40\/6\/1788\/59804811\/etc5009.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]],"date-time":"2025-01-03T14:18:17Z","timestamp":1735913897000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/etc\/article\/40\/6\/1788\/7734323"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,9]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,9]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,9]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/etc.5009","relation":{},"ISSN":["0730-7268","1552-8618"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0730-7268","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-8618","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-08-20","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-02-07","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-04-06","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}