{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T13:56:07Z","timestamp":1784123767672,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,13]],"date-time":"2021-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626134400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,27]],"date-time":"2021-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630022400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":45,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Academy of Finland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["15051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15051"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Academy of Finland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["15051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15051"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["setac.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Cadmium (Cd2+) is cardiotoxic to fish, but its effect on the electrical excitability of cardiac myocytes is largely unknown. To this end, we used the whole-cell patch-clamp method to investigate the effects of Cd2+ on ventricular action potentials (APs) and major ion currents in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) ventricular myocytes. Trout were acclimated to +4\u2009\u00b0C, and APs were measured at the acclimated temperature and elevated temperature (+18\u2009\u00b0C). Cd2+ (10, 20, and 100\u2009\u00b5M) altered the shape of the ventricular AP in a complex manner. The early plateau fell to less positive membrane voltages, and the total duration of AP prolonged. These effects were obvious at both +4\u2009\u00b0C and +18\u2009\u00b0C. The depression of the early plateau is due to the strong Cd2+-induced inhibition of the L-type calcium (Ca2+) current (ICaL), whereas the prolongation of the AP is an indirect consequence of the ICaL inhibition: at low voltages of the early plateau, the delayed rectifier potassium (K+) current (IKr) remains small, delaying repolarization of AP. Cd2+ reduced the density and slowed the kinetics of the Na+ current (INa) but left the inward rectifier K+ current (IK1) intact. These altered cellular and molecular functions can explain several Cd2+-induced changes in impulse conduction of the fish heart, for example, slowed propagation of the AP in atrial and ventricular myocardia (inhibition of INa), delayed relaxation of the ventricle (prolongation of ventricular AP duration), bradycardia, and atrioventricular block (inhibition of ICaL). These findings indicate that the cardiotoxicity of Cd2+ in fish involves multiple ion currents that are directly and indirectly altered by Cd2+. Through these mechanisms, Cd2+ may trigger cardiac arrhythmias and impair myocardial contraction. Elevated temperature (+18\u2009\u00b0C) slightly increases Cd2+ toxicity in trout ventricular myocytes. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:2874\u20132885. \u00a9 2021 SETAC<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Abstract<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Micromolar concentrations of cadmium (Cd2+) induced cardiotoxicity in the rainbow trout heart by inhibiting multiple major ion currents and changing the action potential (AP) waveform. (1) Cd2+ strongly induced inhibition of L-type Ca2+ current (ICa) that (2) depressed the early plateau to less positive membrane voltages at which (3) the delayed rectifier K+ current (IKr) remains small and delaying repolarization of AP. Our findings provide ionic mechanistic explanations for several of the ECG changes found in fish exposed to Cd2+ and may provide clues as how cardiac arrhythmias are induced in vertebrates. Cd2+= cadmium; ICa= L-type calcium (Ca2+) current; IKr = delayed rectifier potassium (K+) current; AP = action potential; ECG = electrocardiograph; P wave = depolarization of the atrium; QRS complex = depolarization of the ventricle; T wave = repolarization of the ventricle.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5161","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,13]],"date-time":"2021-07-13T19:48:01Z","timestamp":1626205681000},"page":"2874-2885","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Cardiac Toxicity of Cadmium Involves Complex Interactions Among Multiple Ion Currents in Rainbow Trout (<i>Oncorhynchus mykiss<\/i>) Ventricular Myocytes"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2300-6849","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaakko","family":"Haverinen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences University of Eastern Finland Joensuu Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9160-9844","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Badr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoology Department Sohag University Sohag Egypt"},{"name":"Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences University of Eastern Finland Joensuu Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matti","family":"Vornanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences University of Eastern Finland Joensuu Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025010313421704300_etc5161-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-018-2193-1","article-title":"Transcripts of Kv7.1 and MinK channels and slow delayed rectifier K+ current (IKs) are expressed in zebrafish (Danio rerio) heart","volume":"470","author":"Abramochkin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pfl\u00fcgers Arch"},{"key":"2025010313421704300_etc5161-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"jeb193607","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.193607","article-title":"Temperature- and external K+-dependence of electrical excitation in ventricular myocytes of cod-like fishes","volume":"222","author":"Abramochkin","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"2025010313421704300_etc5161-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(99)00477-5","article-title":"Interspecific comparison of cadmium and zinc contamination in the organs of four fish species along a polymetallic pollution gradient (Lot River, France)","volume":"248","author":"Andres","year":"2000","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"2025010313421704300_etc5161-bib-0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1980.sp013393","article-title":"Effects of some heavy metal ions on the ionic currents of myelinated fibres from Xenopus laevis","volume":"306","author":"Arhem","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"2025010313421704300_etc5161-bib-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2014.10.045","article-title":"Comparative study of potential transfer of natural and anthropogenic cadmium to plankton communities in the North-West African upwelling","volume":"505","author":"Auger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"2025010313421704300_etc5161-bib-0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1321496","article-title":"Molecular localization of an ion-binding site within the pore of mammalian sodium channels","volume":"257","author":"Backx","year":"1992","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2025010313421704300_etc5161-bib-0007","first-page":"255","article-title":"Effects of seasonal acclimatization on thermal tolerance of inward currents in roach (Rutilus rutilus) cardiac myocytes","volume":"188.2","author":"Badr","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Comp Physiol B"},{"key":"2025010313421704300_etc5161-bib-0008","first-page":"R303","article-title":"Electrical excitability of roach (Rutilus rutilus) ventricular myocytes: Effects of extracellular K+, temperature and pacing frequency","volume":"315","author":"Badr","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"2025010313421704300_etc5161-bib-0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17969","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-016-6995-4","article-title":"Molecular and phenotypic responses of Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) early life stages to environmental concentrations of cadmium in sediment","volume":"23","author":"Barjhoux","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res"},{"key":"2025010313421704300_etc5161-bib-0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/394652","article-title":"Cadmium toxicity and treatment","volume":"2013","author":"Bernhoft","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci World J"},{"key":"2025010313421704300_etc5161-bib-0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbiomolbio.2009.01.009","article-title":"Voltage-gated Na channel transcript patterns in the mammalian heart are species-dependent","volume":"98","author":"Blechschmidt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prog Biophys Mol Biol"},{"key":"2025010313421704300_etc5161-bib-0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/0269-7491(92)90099-V","article-title":"Bioavailability, accumulation and effects of heavy metals in sediments with special reference to United Kingdom estuaries: A review","volume":"76","author":"Bryan","year":"1992","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"2025010313421704300_etc5161-bib-0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2007.08.037","article-title":"Assessment and management of risk to wildlife from cadmium","volume":"389","author":"Burger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"2025010313421704300_etc5161-bib-0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1016\/0043-1354(80)90006-8","article-title":"Influence of water hardness on cadmium toxicity to Salmo gairdneri rich","volume":"14","author":"Calamari","year":"1980","journal-title":"Water Res"},{"key":"2025010313421704300_etc5161-bib-0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1966","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2009.06.002","article-title":"Cadmium toxicity to embryonic\u2013larval development and survival in red sea bream Pagrus major","volume":"72","author":"Cao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"key":"2025010313421704300_etc5161-bib-0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1988.sp017372","article-title":"Changes in the calcium current of rat heart ventricular myocytes during development","volume":"406","author":"Cohen","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"2025010313421704300_etc5161-bib-0017","first-page":"826","article-title":"Effects of cadmium and nisoldipine on the delayed rectifier potassium current in guinea pig ventricular myocytes","volume":"281","author":"Daleau","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"2025010313421704300_etc5161-bib-0018","first-page":"475","article-title":"Cadmium-induced blockade of the cardiac fast Na channels in calf Purkinje fibres","volume":"223","author":"DiFrancesco","year":"1985","journal-title":"Proc R Soc B Biol Sci"},{"key":"2025010313421704300_etc5161-bib-0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2021","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5620131215","article-title":"Physiological changes and tissue metal accumulation in rainbow trout exposed to foodborne and waterborne metals","volume":"13","author":"Farag","year":"1994","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Chem"},{"key":"2025010313421704300_etc5161-bib-0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C75","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.1992.262.1.C75","article-title":"Modulation of the delayed rectifier, IK, by cadmium in cat ventricular myocytes","volume":"262","author":"Follmer","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"2025010313421704300_etc5161-bib-0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ph.39.030177.001221","article-title":"Heart: Excitation-contraction coupling","volume":"39","author":"Fozzard","year":"1977","journal-title":"Annu Rev Physiol"},{"key":"2025010313421704300_etc5161-bib-0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/0033-0620(77)90015-9","article-title":"Cardiac muscle: Excitability and passive electrical properties","volume":"19","author":"Fozzard","year":"1977","journal-title":"Prog Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"2025010313421704300_etc5161-bib-0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1957.sp005808","article-title":"The action of calcium on the electrical properties of squid axons","volume":"137","author":"Frankenhaeuser","year":"1957","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"2025010313421704300_etc5161-bib-0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.79.6.935","article-title":"Slowing of sodium channel opening kinetics in squid axon by extracellular zinc","volume":"79","author":"Gilly","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Gen Physiol"},{"key":"2025010313421704300_etc5161-bib-0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2004.06.002","article-title":"Combined effects of temperature and cadmium on developmental parameters and biomarker responses in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos","volume":"30","author":"Hallare","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Therm Biol"},{"key":"2025010313421704300_etc5161-bib-0026","first-page":"R297","article-title":"Electrophysiological properties and expression of the delayed rectifier potassium (ERG) channels in the heart of thermally acclimated rainbow trout","volume":"295","author":"Hassinen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"2025010313421704300_etc5161-bib-0027","first-page":"R255","article-title":"Thermal adaptation of the crucian carp (Carassius carassius) cardiac delayed rectifier current, IKs, by homomeric assembly of Kv7.1 subunits without MinK","volume":"301","author":"Hassinen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"2025010313421704300_etc5161-bib-0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1007\/s00360-021-01344-2","article-title":"Ionic basis of atrioventricular conduction: Ion channel expression and sarcolemmal ion currents of the atrioventricular canal of the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) heart","volume":"191","author":"Hassinen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Comp Physiol B"},{"key":"2025010313421704300_etc5161-bib-0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2823","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.01103","article-title":"Temperature acclimation modifies Na+ current in fish cardiac myocytes","volume":"207","author":"Haverinen","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"2025010313421704300_etc5161-bib-0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.02044","article-title":"Significance of Na+ current in the excitability of atrial and ventricular myocardium of the fish heart","volume":"209","author":"Haverinen","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"2025010313421704300_etc5161-bib-0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.2007.01734.x","article-title":"Fish cardiac sodium channels are tetrodotoxin sensitive","volume":"191","author":"Haverinen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Physiol"},{"key":"2025010313421704300_etc5161-bib-0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1086\/590223","article-title":"Responses of action potential and K+ currents to temperature acclimation in fish hearts: Phylogeny or thermal preferences?","volume":"82","author":"Haverinen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Physiol Biochem Zool"},{"key":"2025010313421704300_etc5161-bib-0033","article-title":"Reduced ventricular excitability causes atrioventricular block and depression of heart rate in fish at critically high temperatures","volume":"223.","author":"Haverinen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"2025010313421704300_etc5161-bib-0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-150-39102","article-title":"Extension of PR interval in isolated rat heart by cadmium","volume":"150","author":"Hawley","year":"1975","journal-title":"Exp Biol Med"},{"key":"2025010313421704300_etc5161-bib-0035","first-page":"H2164","article-title":"Inhibition by external Cd2+ of Na\/Ca exchange and L-type Ca channel in rabbit ventricular myocytes","volume":"272","author":"Hobai","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"2025010313421704300_etc5161-bib-0036","first-page":"R2061","article-title":"L-type Ca2+ current and excitation-contraction coupling in single atrial myocytes from rainbow trout","volume":"275","author":"Hove-Madsen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"2025010313421704300_etc5161-bib-0037","first-page":"R2070","article-title":"Quantification of Ca2+ uptake in the sarcoplasmic reticulum of trout ventricular myocytes","volume":"275","author":"Hove-Madsen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"2025010313421704300_etc5161-bib-0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12302-020-00305-w","article-title":"Risk assessment of heavy metals in the surface sediment at the drinking water source of the Xiangjiang River in South China","volume":"32","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ Sci Eur"},{"key":"2025010313421704300_etc5161-bib-0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1993.73.1.197","article-title":"Cardiac pacemaking in the sinoatrial node","volume":"73","author":"Irisawa","year":"1993","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"2025010313421704300_etc5161-bib-0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2534","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(99)77088-8","article-title":"Enhancement of HERG K currents by Cd2+ destabilization of the inactivated state","volume":"77","author":"Johnson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biophys J"},{"key":"2025010313421704300_etc5161-bib-0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.05.039","article-title":"An alternative approach to risk rank chemicals on the threat they pose to the aquatic environment","volume":"599","author":"Johnson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"2025010313421704300_etc5161-bib-0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1955.181.1.35","article-title":"Effect of the cadmium ion on the electrical and mechanical activity of the frog heart","volume":"181","author":"Kleinfeld","year":"1955","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"2025010313421704300_etc5161-bib-0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1968.215.3.593","article-title":"Action of divalent cations on membrane potentials and contractility in rat atrium","volume":"215","author":"Kleinfeld","year":"1968","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"2025010313421704300_etc5161-bib-0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1438","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1966.211.6.1438","article-title":"Divalent cations on action potentials of dog heart","volume":"211","author":"Kleinfeld","year":"1966","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"2025010313421704300_etc5161-bib-0045","first-page":"4","volume-title":"Principles of Neural Science","author":"Koester","year":"2000","edition":"4th ed"},{"key":"2025010313421704300_etc5161-bib-0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-008X(76)90215-5","article-title":"Factors influencing cadmium toxicity in AV conduction system of isolated perfused rat heart","volume":"37","author":"Kopp","year":"1976","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"key":"2025010313421704300_etc5161-bib-0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6213041","article-title":"Cardiovascular actions of cadmium at environmental exposure levels","volume":"217","author":"Kopp","year":"1982","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2025010313421704300_etc5161-bib-0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1016\/0043-1354(81)90096-8","article-title":"Cardiovascular-respiratory responses of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) during chronic exposure to sublethal concentrations of cadmium","volume":"15","author":"Majewski","year":"1981","journal-title":"Water Res"},{"key":"2025010313421704300_etc5161-bib-0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2005.11.001","article-title":"Accumulation and elimination of cadmium in larval stage zebrafish following acute exposure","volume":"66","author":"Matz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"key":"2025010313421704300_etc5161-bib-0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.21608\/djs.2013.139628","article-title":"Electrophysiological protective and therapeutic efficacy of resveratrol against cadmium chloride: An","volume":"36","author":"Mohammed","year":"2013","journal-title":"vitro study. Delta J Sci"},{"key":"2025010313421704300_etc5161-bib-0051","first-page":"26","article-title":"Impact of waterborne and trophic mercury exposures on cardiac function of two ecologically distinct Neotropical freshwater fish Brycon amazonicus and Hoplias malabaricus","volume":"201","author":"Monteiro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol C"},{"key":"2025010313421704300_etc5161-bib-0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1007\/s10646-020-02186-4","article-title":"Interactive effects of mercury exposure and hypoxia on ECG patterns in two Neotropical freshwater fish species: Matrinx\u00e3, Brycon amazonicus and tra\u00edra, Hoplias malabaricus","volume":"29","author":"Monteiro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecotoxicology"},{"key":"2025010313421704300_etc5161-bib-0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(98)77841-5","article-title":"Effects of divalent cations on the E-4031-sensitive repolarization current, IKr, in rabbit ventricular myocytes","volume":"74","author":"Paquette","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biophys J"},{"key":"2025010313421704300_etc5161-bib-0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.11559","article-title":"Iron metabolism genes, low-level lead exposure, and QT interval","volume":"117","author":"Park","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2025010313421704300_etc5161-bib-0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1988.tb11549.x","article-title":"Effects of cadmium on the slow inward current of frog heart muscle in relation to a lowering of pH in external solution","volume":"94","author":"Pater","year":"1988","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"2025010313421704300_etc5161-bib-0056","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effect of heavy metals on ventricular repolarization and depolarization in the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA) traffic enforcers' health study","volume":"Dec 2","author":"Regencia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch Environ Occup Health"},{"key":"2025010313421704300_etc5161-bib-0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-0461(2000)14:2<110::AID-JBT7>3.0.CO;2-J","article-title":"Mechanisms of cadmium-mediated acute hepatotoxicity","volume":"14","author":"Rikans","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Biochem Mol Toxicol"},{"key":"2025010313421704300_etc5161-bib-0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1134\/S0022093011040074","article-title":"Effect of oxidative processes in mitochondria on contractility of heart muscle of the frog Rana temporaria. Actions of Cd2+","volume":"47","author":"Shemarova","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Evol Biochem Physiol"},{"key":"2025010313421704300_etc5161-bib-0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1736","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.86.5.1736","article-title":"Calcium channel block by cadmium in chicken sensory neurons","volume":"86","author":"Swandulla","year":"1989","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2025010313421704300_etc5161-bib-0060","first-page":"357","article-title":"Inhibition by cadmium ions of the electrical activity of sinoatrial nodal pacemaker fibers and their response to norepinephrine","volume":"184","author":"Toda","year":"1973","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"2025010313421704300_etc5161-bib-0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1998.79.1.240","article-title":"Pharmacological properties of T-type Ca2+ current in adult rat sensory neurons: Effects of anticonvulsant and anesthetic agents","volume":"79","author":"Todorovic","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"2025010313421704300_etc5161-bib-0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2145","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.4530","article-title":"Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons phenanthrene and retene modify the action potential via multiple ion currents in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss cardiac myocytes","volume":"38","author":"Vehni\u00e4inen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Chem"},{"key":"2025010313421704300_etc5161-bib-0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00370702","article-title":"Sodium current block caused by group IIb cations in calf Purkinje fibres and in guinea-pig ventricular myocytes","volume":"417","author":"Visentin","year":"1990","journal-title":"Pfl\u00fcg Arch Eur J Physiol"},{"key":"2025010313421704300_etc5161-bib-0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01611696","article-title":"Combined effects of cadmium and salinity on development and survival of garpike eggs","volume":"27","author":"Von Westernhagen","year":"1975","journal-title":"Helgolander Wiss Meeresuntersuch"},{"key":"2025010313421704300_etc5161-bib-0065","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effects of extracellular calcium on the contractility of warm- and cold-acclimated crucian carp heart","volume":"166","author":"Vornanen","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Comp Physiol B"},{"key":"2025010313421704300_etc5161-bib-0066","first-page":"R1432","article-title":"Sarcolemmal Ca2+ influx through L-type Ca channels in ventricular myocytes of a teleost fish","volume":"272","author":"Vornanen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"2025010313421704300_etc5161-bib-0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.201.4.533","article-title":"L-type Ca current in fish cardiac myocytes: Effects of thermal acclimation and \u03b2-adrenergic stimulation","volume":"201","author":"Vornanen","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"2025010313421704300_etc5161-bib-0068","first-page":"99","volume-title":"Fish Physiology. The Cardiovascular Physiology. Morphology, Control and Function","author":"Vornanen","year":"2017"},{"key":"2025010313421704300_etc5161-bib-0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"jeb225680","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.225680","article-title":"Feeling the heat: Source-sink mismatch as a mechanism underlying the failure of thermal tolerance","volume":"223","author":"Vornanen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"2025010313421704300_etc5161-bib-0070","first-page":"R1191","article-title":"Temperature-dependent expression of sarcolemmal K+ currents in rainbow trout atrial and ventricular myocytes","volume":"282","author":"Vornanen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"2025010313421704300_etc5161-bib-0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1080\/009841099157575","article-title":"Toxic effects of cadmium and copper on the isolated heart of dogfish shark, Squalus acanthias","volume":"57","author":"Wang","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Toxicol Environ Health A"},{"key":"2025010313421704300_etc5161-bib-0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-008-0278-7","article-title":"Effects of Cd2+ on transient outward and delayed rectifier potassium currents in acutely isolated rat hippocampal CA1 neurons","volume":"377","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol"},{"key":"2025010313421704300_etc5161-bib-0073","first-page":"H488","article-title":"Activation of contraction in cat ventricular myocytes: Effects of low Cd2+ concentrations and temperature","volume":"277","author":"Wasserstrom","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"2025010313421704300_etc5161-bib-0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2017.07.017","article-title":"The longitudinal effects of early developmental cadmium exposure on conditioned place preference and cardiovascular physiology in zebrafish","volume":"191","author":"Wold","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aquat Toxicol"},{"key":"2025010313421704300_etc5161-bib-0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8649.1982.tb02822.x","article-title":"Cadmium toxicity to rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson: A study of eggs and alevins","volume":"21","author":"Woodworth","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Fish Biol"},{"key":"2025010313421704300_etc5161-bib-0076","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2012"},{"key":"2025010313421704300_etc5161-bib-0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2017.08.015","article-title":"Cadmium stress assessment based on the electrocardiogram characteristics of zebra fish (Danio rerio): QRS complex could play an important role","volume":"191","author":"Xing","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aquat Toxicol"}],"container-title":["Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/etc.5161","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/etc.5161","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/etc\/article-pdf\/40\/10\/2874\/59785103\/etc5161.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/etc\/article-pdf\/40\/10\/2874\/59785103\/etc5161.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]],"date-time":"2025-01-03T14:26:59Z","timestamp":1735914419000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/etc\/article\/40\/10\/2874\/7734520"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,13]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,13]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,13]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/etc.5161","relation":{},"ISSN":["0730-7268","1552-8618"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0730-7268","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-8618","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-04-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-07-08","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-08-27","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}