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Data on the combined effects of zinc (Zn) and aluminum (Al) on aquatic animals are extremely scarce in the literature, although these metals are commonly used in domestic and industrial activities. In the present study, we investigated the effects of mixtures of Zn and Al on the cladoceran Ceriodaphnia silvestrii. We evaluated immobility (at 48\u2009h) and ingestion rates (at 24\u2009h). We also performed chronic toxicity tests for single metals. The environmental risks of these substances for tropical freshwaters were estimated from the risk quotient (measured environmental concentration\/predicted no-effect concentration). In immobility tests, our results showed a 48-h median effect concentration (EC50) of 0.22\u2009mg Zn L\u22121 and 0.52\u2009mg Al L\u22121, and we observed synergistic effects of Zn and Al, following the independent action model. The ingestion rates of C. silvestrii were inhibited at 0.1, 0.4, and 0.5\u2009mg Al L\u22121, and they were increased at 0.08\u2009mg Zn L\u22121; we observed antagonistic effects in all treatments combined with 0.5\u2009mg Al\u2009L\u22121. In terms of chronic toxicity, a 7-d EC50 occurred at 0.11\u2009mg Zn L\u22121 and 0.37\u2009mg Al L\u22121. The risk assessment suggests a potential risk of these metals at environmentally relevant concentrations, especially when in a mixture. Therefore, we recommend mixture toxicity tests during risk assessments to ensure that zooplankton are protected. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:2912\u20132922. \u00a9 2021 SETAC<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5162","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,15]],"date-time":"2021-07-15T16:11:23Z","timestamp":1626365483000},"page":"2912-2922","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Toxicity and Risk Assessment of Zinc and Aluminum Mixtures to\n                    <i>Ceriodaphnia silvestrii<\/i>\n                    (Crustacea: Cladocera)"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2309-6186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renan","family":"Castelhano Gebara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Ecology and Natural Resources Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Carlos, S\u00e3o Carlos S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Hydrobiology. Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Carlos. S\u00e3o Carlos S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lays","family":"de Oliveira Gon\u00e7alves Alho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Ecology and Natural Resources Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Carlos, S\u00e3o Carlos S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Hydrobiology. Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Carlos. S\u00e3o Carlos S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2782-8268","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00ednthia","family":"Bruno de Abreu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Ecology and Natural Resources Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Carlos, S\u00e3o Carlos S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Hydrobiology. Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Carlos. S\u00e3o Carlos S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrislaine","family":"da Silva Mansano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Ecology and Natural Resources Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Carlos, S\u00e3o Carlos S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Hydrobiology. Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Carlos. S\u00e3o Carlos S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raquel Aparecida","family":"Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"N\u00facleo de Estudos em Ecossistemas Aqu\u00e1ticos (NEEA)\/Centro de Recursos H\u00eddricos e Estudos Ambientais (CRHEA)\/Departamento de Hidr\u00e1ulica e Saneamento (SHS), S\u00e3o Carlos School of Engineering Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo S\u00e3o Carlos Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giseli","family":"Swerts Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"N\u00facleo de Estudos em Ecossistemas Aqu\u00e1ticos (NEEA)\/Centro de Recursos H\u00eddricos e Estudos Ambientais (CRHEA)\/Departamento de Hidr\u00e1ulica e Saneamento (SHS), S\u00e3o Carlos School of Engineering Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo S\u00e3o Carlos Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria da Gra\u00e7a","family":"Gama Mel\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Ecology and Natural Resources Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Carlos, S\u00e3o Carlos S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Hydrobiology. 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