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However, pesticides are also used in urban and suburban areas for vegetation management, vector control, and the management of ornamental plants in public and private landscapes. The extent to which pesticides pose a health risk to honey bees in these settings remains unclear. We addressed this at a landscape scale by conducting pesticide residue screening analyses on 768 nectar and 862 pollen samples collected monthly over 2 years from honey bee colonies located in urban and suburban areas in eight medium to large cities in California, Florida, Michigan, and Texas (USA). A risk assessment was performed using the US Environmental Protection Agency's BeeREX model whenever an oral toxicity value was available for a compound. Chemical analyses detected 17 pesticides in nectar and 60 in pollen samples during the survey. Approximately 73% of all samples contained no detectable pesticide residues. Although the number of detections varied among the sampled regions, fewer pesticides were detected in nectar than in pollen. Per BeeREX, four insecticides showed a potential acute risk to honey bees: imidacloprid, chlorpyrifos, and esfenvalerate in nectar, and deltamethrin in nectar and pollen. In general, exposure of honey bees to pesticides via nectar and pollen collection was low in urban and suburban areas across the United States, and no seasonal or spatial trends were evident. Our data suggest that honey bees are exposed to fewer pesticides in developed areas than in agricultural ones. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:991\u20131003. \u00a9 2022 SETAC<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5298","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,9]],"date-time":"2022-03-09T06:51:30Z","timestamp":1646808690000},"page":"991-1003","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Honey Bee (\n                    <i>Apis mellifera<\/i>\n                    ) Exposure to Pesticide Residues in Nectar and Pollen in Urban and Suburban Environments from Four Regions of the United States"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Fabien J.","family":"D\u00e9mares","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre d'\u00c9cologie Fonctionnelle et \u00c9volutive, Universit\u00e9 de Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes Institut de Recherche pour le D\u00e9veloppement Montpellier France"},{"name":"Entomology and Nematology Department, Emerging Pathogens Institute University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Schmehl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Honey Bee Research and Extension Laboratory, Entomology and Nematology Department University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA"},{"name":"Bayer CropScience Chesterfield Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey R.","family":"Bloomquist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Entomology and Nematology Department, Emerging Pathogens Institute University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana R.","family":"Cabrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bayer CropScience Chesterfield Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zachary Y.","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre","family":"Lau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Department of Agriculture Stoneville Mississippi USA"},{"name":"Department of Entomology Texas A&M University College Station Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliana","family":"Rangel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology Texas A&M University College Station Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Sullivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ardea Consulting Minford Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianbing","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Animal Science Nanchang University Nanchang Jiangxi China"},{"name":"Department of Entomology Michigan State University 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