{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T00:46:55Z","timestamp":1781916415902,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,1]],"date-time":"2011-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1309478400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,27]],"date-time":"2011-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1303862400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["setac.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Controlled laboratory studies with game farm mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) and chickens (Gallus gallus) have demonstrated that methylmercury can cause teratogenic effects in birds, but studies with wild species of birds are lacking. To address this need, doses of methylmercury chloride were injected into the eggs of 25 species of birds, and the dead embryos and hatched chicks were examined for external deformities. When data for controls were summed across all 25 species tested and across all types of deformities, 24 individuals out of a total of 1,533 (a rate of 1.57%) exhibited at least one deformity. In contrast, when data for all of the mercury treatments and all 25 species were summed, 188 deformed individuals out of a total of 2,292 (8.20%) were found. Some deformities, such as lordosis and scoliosis (twisting of the spine), misshapen heads, shortening or twisting of the neck, and deformities of the wings, were seldom observed in controls but occurred in much greater frequency in Hg-treated individuals. Only 0.59% of individual control dead embryos and hatchlings exhibited multiple deformities versus 3.18% for Hg-dosed dead embryos and hatchlings. Methylmercury seems to have a widespread teratogenic potential across many species of birds. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011; 30:1593\u20131598. \u00a9 2011 SETAC<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.530","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,21]],"date-time":"2011-03-21T12:19:08Z","timestamp":1300709948000},"page":"1593-1598","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Teratogenic effects of injected methylmercury on avian embryos"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Gary H","family":"Heinz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Beltsville, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David J","family":"Hoffman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jon D","family":"Klimstra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine R","family":"Stebbins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shannon L","family":"Kondrad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carol A","family":"Erwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026020510243389100_bib1","first-page":"341","volume-title":"Environmental Contaminants in Wildlife: Interpreting Tissue Concentrations","author":"Thompson","year":"1996"},{"key":"2026020510243389100_bib2","first-page":"409","volume-title":"Handbook of Ecotoxicology","author":"Wiener","year":"2003","edition":"2nd ed"},{"key":"2026020510243389100_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1579\/0044-7447(2007)36[12:EOEMOT]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Effects of environmental methylmercury on the health of wild birds, mammals, and fish","volume":"36","author":"Scheuhammer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ambio"},{"key":"2026020510243389100_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1007\/s002440010277","article-title":"Mercury in eggs and feathers of great egrets (Ardea albus) from the Florida Everglades","volume":"41","author":"Rumbold","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Environ Contam Toxicol"},{"key":"2026020510243389100_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1011911805216","article-title":"Mercury, methylmercury, and selenium concentrations in eggs of common loons (Gavia immer) from Canada","volume":"72","author":"Scheuhammer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Environ Monit Assess"},{"key":"2026020510243389100_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.2307\/3800348","article-title":"Methylmercury: Reproductive and behavioral effects on three generations of mallard ducks","volume":"43","author":"Heinz","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Wildl Manage"},{"key":"2026020510243389100_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/0269-7491(87)90173-4","article-title":"The chronic toxicity of aluminum, cadmium, mercury, and lead in birds: A review","volume":"46","author":"Scheuhammer","year":"1987","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"2026020510243389100_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s10646-007-0168-7","article-title":"Adverse effects from environmental mercury loads on common loons","volume":"17","author":"Evers","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ecotoxicology"},{"key":"2026020510243389100_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s10646-007-0167-8","article-title":"Methylmercury exposure associated with reduced productivity in common loons","volume":"17","author":"Burgess","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ecotoxicology"},{"key":"2026020510243389100_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.2307\/3800207","article-title":"Mercury contamination of aquatic birds in Northwestern Ontario","volume":"38","author":"Fimreite","year":"1974","journal-title":"J Wildl Manage"},{"key":"2026020510243389100_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/s10646-007-0180-y","article-title":"Mercury and drought along the lower Carson River, Nevada: II. 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